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Rooting
onset age:
28 wks gestation
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Rooting
integration age:
3 months
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Rooting
stimulus:
stroke the corner of the mouth, upper lip, and lower lip
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Rooting
response:
movement of the tongue, mouth, and/or head toward the stimulus
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Rooting
relevance:
allows searching for and locating feeding source
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Suck-swallow
onset age:
28 wks gestation
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Suck-swallow
integration age:
2-5 months
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Suck-swallow
stimulus:
place examiner's index finger inside infant's mouth with head in midline
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Suck-swallow
response:
strong, rhythmical sucking
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Suck-swallow
relevance:
allows ingestion of nourishment
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Traction
onset age:
28 wks gestation
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Traction
integration age:
2-5 months
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Traction
stimulus:
grasp infant's forearms and pull-to-sit
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Traction
response:
complete flexion of upper extremities
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Traction
relevance:
enhances momentary reflexive grasp
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Moro
onset age:
28 wks gestation
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Moro
integration age:
4-6 months
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Moro
stimulus:
rapidly drop infant's head backward
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Moro
response:
- first phase: arm extension/abduction, hand opening
- second phase: arm flexion and adduction
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Moro
relevance:
facilitates ability to depart from dominant flexor posture: protective response
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Plantar grasp
onset age:
28 wks gestation
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Plantar grasp
integration age:
9 months
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Plantar grasp
stimulus:
apply pressure with thumb on the infant's ball of foot
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Plantar grasp
response:
toe flexion
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Plantar grasp
relevance:
increases tactile input to sole of foot
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Galant
onset age:
32 wks gestation
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Galant
integration age:
2 months
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Galant
stimulus:
hold infant in prone suspension, gently scratch or tap alongside the spine with finger, from shoulders to buttocks
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Galant
response:
lateral trunk flexion and wrinkling of the skin on the stimulated side
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Galant
relevance:
facilitates lateral trunk movements necessary for trunk stabilization
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Asymmetric tonic neck
onset age:
37 wks gestation
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Asymmetric tonic neck
integration age:
4-6 months
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Asymmetric tonic neck
stimulus:
fully rotate infant's head and hold for 5 seconds
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Asymmetric tonic neck
response:
extension of extremities on the face side, flexion of extremities on the skull side
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Asymmetric tonic neck
relevance:
promotes visual hand regard
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Palmar grasp
onset age:
37 wks gestation
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Palmar grasp
integration age:
4-6 months
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Palmar grasp
stimulus:
place examiner's finger in infant's palm
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Palmar grasp
response:
finger flexion; reflexive grasp
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Palmar grasp
relevance:
increases tactile input on the palm of the hand
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Tonic labyrinthine - Supine
onset age:
>37 wks gestation
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Tonic labyrinthine - Supine
integration age:
6 months
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Tonic labyrinthine - Supine
stimulus:
place infant in supine
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Tonic labyrinthine - Supine
response:
increased extensor tone
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Tonic labyrinthine - Supine
relevance:
facilitates total-body extensor tone
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Tonic labyrinthine - Prone
onset age:
>37 wks gestation
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Tonic labyrinthine - Prone
integration age:
6 months
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Tonic labyrinthine - Prone
stimulus:
place infant in prone
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Tonic labyrinthine - Prone
response:
increased flexor tone
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Tonic labyrinthine - Prone
relevance:
facilitates total-body flexor tone
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Labyrinthine/optical (head) righting
onset date:
birth-2 months
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Labyrinthine/optical (head) righting
integration age:
persists
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Labyrinthine/optical (head) righting
stimulus:
hold infant suspended vertically and tilt slowly (about 45*) to the side, forward, or backward
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Labyrinthine/optical (head) righting
response:
upright positioning of the head
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Labyrinthine/optical (head) righting
relevance:
orients head in space; maintains face vertical
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Landau
onset age:
3-4 months
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Landau
integration age:
12-24 months
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Landau
stimulus:
hold infant in horizontal prone suspension
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Landau
response:
complete extension of head, trunk, and extremities
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Landau
relevance:
breaks up flexor dominance; facilitates prone extension
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Symmetric tonic neck
onset age:
4-6 months
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Symmetric tonic neck
integration age:
8-12 months
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Symmetric tonic neck
stimulus:
place infant in the crawling position and extend the head
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Symmetric tonic neck
response:
flexion of hips and knees
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Symmetric tonic neck
relevance:
breaks up total extensor posture; facilitates static quadruped position
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Neck righting (NOB)
onset age:
4-6 months
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Neck righting (NOB)
integration age:
5 years
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Neck righting (NOB)
stimulus:
place infant in supine and fully turn head to one side
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Neck righting (NOB)
response:
log rolling of the entire body to maintain alignment with the head
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Neck righting (NOB)
relevance:
maintains head/body alignment; initiates rolling (first ambulation effort)
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Body righting (on body) (BOB)
onset age:
4-6 months
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Body righting (on body) (BOB)
integration age:
5 years
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Body righting (on body) (BOB)
stimulus:
place infant in supine, flex one hip and knee toward the chest and hold briefly
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Body righting (on body) (BOB)
response:
segmental rolling of the upper trunk to maintain alignment
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Body righting (on body) (BOB)
relevance:
facilitates trunk/spinal rotation
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Downward parachute (protective extension downward)
onset age:
4 months
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Downward parachute (protective extension downward)
integration age:
persists
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Downward parachute (protective extension downward)
stimulus:
rapidly lower infant toward supporting surface while suspended vertically
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Downward parachute (protective extension downward)
response:
extension of the lower extremities
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Downward parachute (protective extension downward)
relevance:
allows accurate placement of lower extremities
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Forward parachute (protective extension forward)
onset age:
6-9 months
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Forward parachute (protective extension forward)
integration age:
persists
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Forward parachute (protective extension forward)
stimulus:
suddenly tip infant forward toward supporting surface while vertically suspended
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Forward parachute (protective extension forward)
response:
sudden extension of the upper extremities, hand opening, and neck extension
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Forward parachute (protective extension forward)
relevance:
allows accurate placement of upper extremities in anticipation of supporting surface to prevent a fall
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Sideward parachute (protective extension sideward)
onset date:
7 months
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Sideward parachute (protective extension sideward)
integration age:
persists
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Sideward parachute (protective extension sideward)
stimulus:
quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance to the side while in the sitting position
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Sideward parachute (protective extension sideward)
response:
arm extension and abduction to the side
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Sideward parachute (protective extension sideward)
relevance:
protects body to prevent a fall; supports body for unilateral use of opposite arm
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Backward parachute (protective extension backward)
onset age:
9-10 months
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Backward parachute (protective extension backward)
integration age:
persists
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Backward parachute (protective extension backward)
stimulus:
quickly but firmly tip infant off-balance backward
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Backward parachute (protective extension backward)
response:
backward arm extension or arm extension to one side spinal rotation
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Backward parachute (protective extension backward)
relevance:
protects body to prevent a fall; unilaterally facilitates
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Prone tilting
onset age:
5 months
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Prone tilting
integration age:
persists
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Prone tilting
stimulus:
after positioning infant in prone, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
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Prone tilting
response:
curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs
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Prone tilting
relevance:
maintain equilibrium w/o arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
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Supine tilting and Sitting tilting
onset age:
7-8 months
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Supine tilting and Sitting tilting
integration age:
persists
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Supine tilting and Sitting tilting
stimulus:
after positioning infant in supine or sitting, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
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Supine tilting and Sitting tilting
response:
curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs
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Supine tilting and Sitting tilting
relevance:
maintain equilibrium w/o arm support; facilitate postural adjustments in all positions
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Quadruped tilting
onset age:
9-12 months
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Quadruped tilting
integration age:
persists
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Quadruped tilting
stimulus:
after positioning infant on all fours, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
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Quadruped tilting
response:
curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs
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Quadruped tilting
relevance:
maintain equilibrium w/o arm support; facilitates postural adjustments in al positions
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Standing tilting
onset age:
12-21 months
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Standing tilting
integration age:
persists
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Standing tilting
stimulus:
after positioning infant in standing, slowly raise one side of the supporting surface
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Standing tilting
response:
curving of the spine toward the raised side (opposite to the pull of gravity); abduction/extension of arms and legs
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Standing tilting
relevance:
maintain equilibrium w/o arm support; adjustments in all positions
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