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What are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?
- 1. gas exchange
- 2. Helps drive venous return
- 3. Vocalizationi
- 4. Regulates pH
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What is the pressure formula?
Pressure = Flow x Resistance
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What is the function of the uvula?
Helps revents liquids going up the nasal cavity
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What cells cover most of the respiratory passages? Their functions?
- Ciliated Pseudostratified Epithelium with goblet cells
- - Cilia are constantly sweeping mucus
- - Goblet cells make mucus
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What is another term for nose hair?
Vibrissae
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What do the lysozomes do in the secretion of the respiratory lining?
breaks down cell walls and bacteria
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What is the name of an open airway?
Patent airway
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Which part of the throat does food go down?
Esohagus
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Which part of the lungs are the respiratory zone?
Alveoli
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What cells make the walls of the alveoli?
simple squam epith
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What is the function of surfactant cells?
pBreaks surface tension of the water molecules on the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing so they can expand.
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T or F: Alveoli and endothelium in blood vessels share the same basement membrane
true
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What seperates the thoacic and abdominal cavity?
diaphragm
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What are the 2 layers of pleura that surround the lungs and what is between the 2 layers?
- - Visceral pleura surround the lungs
- - Parietal Pleura along the body wall
- - In between is the serous fluid
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What is the main function of the visceral and parietal pleura on the lungs?
- Have an intense sunction between them.
- By expanding the thoracic cavity, this sunction will expand the lungs
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This law states that at constant temperature for a fixed mass, the absolute pressure and the volume of a gas are inversely proportionial. What is the law and what does it mean?
- Boyle's Law: If voluume changes, the pressure changes.
- - Increased volume = Decreased pressure
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What is quiet breathing?
Tidal breathing: when the diaphragm moves only a few cms.
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How does the body exhale?
- When the diaphragm relaxes, the thoracic volume goes down, which means the lung volume goes down and pressure increases
- This increased pressure makes the air flow out
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What is a Pneumothorax? What is an Atelectasis?
- When there is air between the pleura, from a hole in the thoracic cavity (from a stab wound for example)
- Atelectasis is the term for a collapsed lung from a pneumothorax.
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What major components make up the air?
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What is Dalton's Law of partial pressure? What is the partial pressure inside the alveolus? In the capillary?
- At sea level, partial pressure in the room is 15mmHg
- Alveolus: is 104mmHg of pressure
- Capillariess: 40mmHg
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What does having a higher partial pressure in the alveoli compared to the capillaries mean?
A higher pressure in the alveoli will cause the O2 to go into the capillary
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What are the partial pressure of CO2 in the alveoli and capillary? What does this mean?
- Alveoli: 40mmHg
- Capillary: 45mmHg
- This will cause the CO2 to go into the alveoli
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What happens to oxygen exchange at higher elevation?
- Higher elevation has less partial pressure which means there is less pressure in the alveoli
- This causes less O2 to go into the blood
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What will be saturation if there is no oxygen in the tissues?
0% saturation in the blood
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What is saturation if there is 40mmHg of PO2?
- 75%
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What metabolic activities will cause hemoglobin affinity for O2 to go down? Which direction does oxygen go in this case?
- Metabolic Activities:
- - Temp. Increase
- - Increased CO2 production
- This lets more oxygen into tissues
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What is BPG? How does it effect O2 affinity?
- BPG is when there is a presence of increased glycolysis.
- This causes hemoglobin to have a lower affinity with O2
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How is CO2 moved around in the blood? (3 parts)
- 1. 20-30% of CO2 are bound to hemoglobin
- 2. 7-10% are dissolved in plasma/water
- 3. Around 60% are transported as HCO3-
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Why is carbon monoxide deadly?
It will bind to hemoglobin faster than oxygen by 200x. Causing you to suffocate
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Which parts of the brain are the control centers of respiration? How?
Pons and Medulla: Monitors CO2
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T or F: When scuba diving, swimming 30ft below has twice the partial pressure than normal air
true
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Why do we need O2? Where does CO2 come from?
- - O2 is required by cellular respiration
- - CO2 is a product of it: Glucose -> 6CO2 + 6H2O
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What are the 4 processes of respiration?
- 1. Pulmonary ventilation: movement of air into and out of lungs
- 2. External respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and alveolar sacs
- 3. Transport of respiratory gases between lungs and tissues
- 4. Internal respiration: Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
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What are the differences between respiratory and conducting zones?
- Conducting zone: transports the air into and out of the lungs
- Respiratory zone: allows gas exchange between the lungs and the blood
- - Alveoli are the respiratory zone
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What are the functions of the nose?
- 1. airway for respiration
- 2. moistens and warms the air
- 3. filters and cleans inspired air
- 4. resonating chamber for speech
- 5. resonating chamber for speech
- 6. houses olfactory receptors
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What is the major function of the pharynx
Act as a common passage for both food and air
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Major function of the larynx
- - Prevent choking
- - Voice production, contains voice box
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What are the properties of the trachea?
- 1. Maintain and protect the airway
- 2. Lines with mucus glands to humidify air and catches small particles
- 3. Has nerves for cough reflex
- 4. has hyaline cartilage to form the larynx
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What is the function of the surfacant?
Reduces surface tension, so lungs would not stick together and can expand
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Where are the visceral and parietal pleura?
- Parietal: on the thoracic wall and superior side of the diaphragm
- Visceral: on the external lung surface
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