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meghiliary
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What body habits would be characteristic of an individual with a massive body build?
Hyperstenic
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Where is the gallbladder located on a hypersthenic individual?
High, transverse, and right of the midline
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What body habits is characteristic of the average body build?
Sthenic
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Radiographic procedures or examinations of the entire alimentary canal are similar in three general aspects. What are they?
- 1. Density
- 2. Initial stage of each radiographic exam
- 3. Radiographic images are recorded during, and after fluoro exam
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Does radiopaque contrast media absorb (more or less) x-rays than radiolucent contrast media?
More
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Can barium sulfate dissolve in water?
No
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When would a barium sulfate mixture be contraindicated for an UGI series?
Through a perforated viscus or during surgery following exam.
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What type of contrast would be indicated on a patient who recently experienced surgery on for a perforated viscus?
Water-soluble iodinated contrast media
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What are the two types of contrast used for a double contrast UGI?
- Barium sulfate
- Room air/ CO2 gas (crystals)
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What type of crystals can be used to produce gas in the stomach during an UGI?
- Calcium citrate
- Magnesium citrate
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Where is the x-ray tube located on a fluoro unit?
under the table
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Where should the bucky be placed during a fluoro procedure?
All the way at the end of the table?
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What does DF stand for?
digital fluoro
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How much can the dose be reduced to the patient by using a DF unit?
30-50%
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What are the tow common procedures of the upper gastrointestinal system?
Esophagogram and Upper GI series
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Is there a patient "prep" for an esophagram?
No
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Can additional items such as cotton balls soaked in thin barium, gelatin capsules filled with barium or marshmallows be used during an esophagram study?
Yes
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How often does the fluoro timer usually go off during a fluoro procedure?
every 5 minutes.
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Does an esophagram begin with the table in the erect position?
Usually
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What is the Valsalva maneuver?
Patient takes in a breath and contracts abdominal muscles.
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Is a compression paddle used during an UGI exam?
Yes it can be.
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What three projections are considered routine for an esophagram or barium swallow?
AP, RAO, Lateral
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Can an UGI and Esophagram be performed together ( meaning can they patient have both on the same day?)
Yes
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What does NPO mean?
- Non Per Os
- No food or drink prior to exam
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What is the patient "prep" for an UGI Series?
- NPO for 8 hrs.
- No smoking
- No chewing gym
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Any x-ray examination of the abdomen of a potentially pregnant female should be governed by the "10 day rule". What is the 10 day rule?
radiologic exams should be during first 10 days following onset of menstruation.
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What kVp is required for an UGI exam?
100-125 kVp
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How much should the patient be obliqued for an RAO esophagram?
35-40 degrees
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For an RAO position of the stomach should the entire stomach and C-loop of the duodenum be visualized?
Yes
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Where should the central ray be directed for an RAO position of the stomach?
L2: between spine and lateral border
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Which lateral (right or left) should be performed for a lateral of the stomach?
Right
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Can an LPO position of the stomach be used instead of the RAO position of the stomach at some hospitals/clinics?
Yes
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Where should the central ray be positioned for an AP projection of the stomach?
Midway between xiphoid tip and lower margin of ribs
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What is the SID that should be used for a lateral position of the esophagus?
40"
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What are the 3 main subdivisions of the stomach?
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What are the 3 functions of digestion?
- 1. digestion
- 2. Absorption
- 3. elimination
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Name 3 organs that pass through the diaphragm?
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What are the salivary organs?
- paratoid
- submandibulary
- sublingual
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What and where is the ligament of Treitz?
Whats another name for it?
- Suspensory ligament that holds ascending portion of duodenum: gives it the "C" shape.
- duodenojejunal flexure
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Ratio of Barium to water is?
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Name the 4 methods to test for reflux?
- 1. Breathing: Valsalva or Mueller
- 2. Water
- 3. Compression Paddle
- 4. Toe touch.
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Name the accessary organs of digestion.
- glands
- teeth
- tongue
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
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Can peristalsis and pain cause involuntary movement?
Yes
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Define: Masitcation
chewing
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deglutition
Act of swallowing
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How can you tell if the patient is supine?
barium is in the fundus of the stomach and air is more in the bottom.
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How can you tell if the patient is erect?
- Barium is in the bottom of the stomach and air is in the fundus.
- There is also a distinct line between barium and air.
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How can you tell if the patient is prone?
barium is pooled in the bottom of the stomach and air in the fundus.
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Define: Diveriticulum
out-pouching of intestinal wall
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Whats the benefit of performing a double contrast study vs. single contrast study?
- It produces better visualization of the mucosa of the stomach to
- demonstrate potential polyps, diverticulae or ulcers.
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Define: Gastritis
inflammation of of mucosa of the stomach.
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Define: Chole
relationship to bile
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Define: cysto
sac or bladder
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Define: cholonagiogram
radiographic examination of biliary ducts
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Define: Cholecystolangiogram
study of both the gallbladder and the biliary ducts
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Define: choleliths
gallstones
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Define: chlelithaisis
inflammation of the gallbladder
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Define: Cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
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Describe the anatomy of the biliary system.
- Bile is formed in the liver
- Travels via the ducts
- Bile is carried to the GB via the cystic duct and is temporarily stored
- Bile then secreted into duodenum via the Common Bile Duct which is joined by the Pancreatic Duct.
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