What body habits would be characteristic of an individual with a massive body build?
Hyperstenic
Where is the gallbladder located on a hypersthenic individual?
High, transverse, and right of the midline
What body habits is characteristic of the average body build?
Sthenic
Radiographic procedures or examinations of the entire alimentary canal are similar in three general aspects. What are they?
1. Density
2. Initial stage of each radiographic exam
3. Radiographic images are recorded during, and after fluoro exam
Does radiopaque contrast media absorb (more or less) x-rays than radiolucent contrast media?
More
Can barium sulfate dissolve in water?
No
When would a barium sulfate mixture be contraindicated for an UGI series?
Through a perforated viscus or during surgery following exam.
What type of contrast would be indicated on a patient who recently experienced surgery on for a perforated viscus?
Water-soluble iodinated contrast media
What are the two types of contrast used for a double contrast UGI?
Barium sulfate
Room air/ CO2 gas (crystals)
What type of crystals can be used to produce gas in the stomach during an UGI?
Calcium citrate
Magnesium citrate
Where is the x-ray tube located on a fluoro unit?
under the table
Where should the bucky be placed during a fluoro procedure?
All the way at the end of the table?
What does DF stand for?
digital fluoro
How much can the dose be reduced to the patient by using a DF unit?
30-50%
What are the tow common procedures of the upper gastrointestinal system?
Esophagogram and Upper GI series
Is there a patient "prep" for an esophagram?
No
Can additional items such as cotton balls soaked in thin barium, gelatin capsules filled with barium or marshmallows be used during an esophagram study?
Yes
How often does the fluoro timer usually go off during a fluoro procedure?
every 5 minutes.
Does an esophagram begin with the table in the erect position?
Usually
What is the Valsalva maneuver?
Patient takes in a breath and contracts abdominal muscles.
Is a compression paddle used during an UGI exam?
Yes it can be.
What three projections are considered routine for an esophagram or barium swallow?
AP, RAO, Lateral
Can an UGI and Esophagram be performed together ( meaning can they patient have both on the same day?)
Yes
What does NPO mean?
Non Per Os
No food or drink prior to exam
What is the patient "prep" for an UGI Series?
NPO for 8 hrs.
No smoking
No chewing gym
Any x-ray examination of the abdomen of a potentially pregnant female should be governed by the "10 day rule". What is the 10 day rule?
radiologic exams should be during first 10 days following onset of menstruation.
What kVp is required for an UGI exam?
100-125 kVp
How much should the patient be obliqued for an RAO esophagram?
35-40 degrees
For an RAO position of the stomach should the entire stomach and C-loop of the duodenum be visualized?
Yes
Where should the central ray be directed for an RAO position of the stomach?
L2: between spine and lateral border
Which lateral (right or left) should be performed for a lateral of the stomach?
Right
Can an LPO position of the stomach be used instead of the RAO position of the stomach at some hospitals/clinics?
Yes
Where should the central ray be positioned for an AP projection of the stomach?
Midway between xiphoid tip and lower margin of ribs
What is the SID that should be used for a lateral position of the esophagus?
40"
What are the 3 main subdivisions of the stomach?
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
What are the 3 functions of digestion?
1. digestion
2. Absorption
3. elimination
Name 3 organs that pass through the diaphragm?
IVC
Aorta
Esophagus
What are the salivary organs?
paratoid
submandibulary
sublingual
What and where is the ligament of Treitz? Whats another name for it?
Suspensory ligament that holds ascending portion of duodenum: gives it the "C" shape.
duodenojejunal flexure
Ratio of Barium to water is?
Thin> 1:1
Thick> 3:1
Name the 4 methods to test for reflux?
1. Breathing: Valsalva or Mueller
2. Water
3. Compression Paddle
4. Toe touch.
Name the accessary organs of digestion.
glands
teeth
tongue
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
Can peristalsis and pain cause involuntary movement?
Yes
Define: Masitcation
chewing
deglutition
Act of swallowing
How can you tell if the patient is supine?
barium is in the fundus of the stomach and air is more in the bottom.
How can you tell if the patient is erect?
Barium is in the bottom of the stomach and air is in the fundus.
There is also a distinct line between barium and air.
How can you tell if the patient is prone?
barium is pooled in the bottom of the stomach and air in the fundus.
Define: Diveriticulum
out-pouching of intestinal wall
Whats the benefit of performing a double contrast study vs. single contrast study?
It produces better visualization of the mucosa of the stomach to
demonstrate potential polyps, diverticulae or ulcers.
Define: Gastritis
inflammation of of mucosa of the stomach.
Define: Chole
relationship to bile
Define: cysto
sac or bladder
Define: cholonagiogram
radiographic examination of biliary ducts
Define: Cholecystolangiogram
study of both the gallbladder and the biliary ducts
Define: choleliths
gallstones
Define: chlelithaisis
inflammation of the gallbladder
Define: Cholecystectomy
surgical removal of the gallbladder
Describe the anatomy of the biliary system.
Bile is formed in the liver
Travels via the ducts
Bile is carried to the GB via the cystic duct and is temporarily stored
Bile then secreted into duodenum via the Common Bile Duct which is joined by the Pancreatic Duct.