Quiz 2 - Big Data

to “state or estimate . . . that an action or event will happen in the future or will be a consequence of something.”

• - consequential predictions
• - preemptive predictions
• - preferntial predictions

• Predictions that attempt to anticipate the likely consequences of a
• person’s action

When a lawyer predicts “what the courts will do in fact,” she anticipates the legal consequences of future courses of conduct in order to advise clients whether it is feasible to avoid the risk of state sanction.

● Intentionally used to diminish a person’s range of future options.

● preemptive predictions do not usually adopt the perspective of the actor. Preemptive predictions are mostly made from the standpoint of the state,a corporation, or anyone who wishes to prevent or forestall certain types of action

Governments, corporations, and individuals will use big data to preempt or forestall activities perceived to generate social risk. Some loan companies, for example, are beginning to use algorithms to determine interest rates for clients with little to no credit history, and to decide who is at high risk for default.

stroke your preferences in order to sell goods and services

Google’s bid to create personalized search engines is a prime example of society’s increasing reliance

- It's about big data’s power to enable a dangerous new philosophy of preemption

- Prediction industries flourish in a society where anyone and anything can be perceived as a potential threat bc it's lucrative to exploit risk that can later be avoided.  In such cases, prediction often precipitates the attempt to preempt risk

- Preemption strategy comes at a significant social cost

predictive algorithms to generate no fly lists that employs predictive algorithms preempts the need for any evidence or constitutional safeguards. 

Prediction simply replaces the need for proof.

Everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty.

-If legal universe has a prime directive, it is probably the shared understanding that everyone is presumed innocent until proven guilty.

-In legal discourse, the presumption of innocence is usually construed, narrowly, as a procedural safeguard enshrined within a bundle of “due process” rights in criminal and constitutional law.

• Taken together, privacy and due process values seek to limit what the
• govt (and, to some extent, private sector) is permitted to presume about individuals absent evidence that is tested in the individual's’ presence, with their participation.

As such, these values aim to provide fair and equal treatment to all by setting boundaries around the kinds of assumptions that can and cannot be made about people

• - Automating Research Changes the Definition of Knowledge.
• - Claims to Objectivity and Accuracy are Misleading
• -Bigger Data are Not Always Better Data
• -Not All Data Are Equivalent
• - Just Because it is Accessible Doesn’t Make it Ethical
• -Limited Access to Big Data Creates New Digital Divides

• Facilitate flow of information on public issues
• Obtain personal info for research
• Write under a pseudonym
• Encourage reporting of bad behavior
• Amnesty programs
• Protect donors
• Protect economic interests
• Protect from unwanted intrusions
• Review applications based on qualifications only
• Protect reputation and assets
• Avoid persecution
• Encourage experimentation and risk taking
• Protect personhood (“none of your business”)
• Traditional expectations (caller ID)

• Aid in accountability
• Judge reputation
• Pay dues or receive just deserts
• Aid efficiency and improve service
• Determine bureaucratic eligibility
• Aid research
• Protect health and consumers
• Aid in relationship building
• Aid in social orientation

• Comprehensive Laws
• -European general laws that govern the collection, use and dissemination of
• personal information by public and private sectors.

-Right to be forgotten law.

European general laws that govern the collection, use and dissemination of personal information by public and private sectors.

• Sectoral Laws
• Idea is to avoid general laws and, instead, focus on specific sectors

Advantage: enforcement is achieved  through a range of mechanisms

Disadvantage: new legislation has to be introduced with each new technology.

Patriot Act allows the FBI to obtain court orders through the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to confiscate or collect data that assists in an investigation ostensibly undertaken to protect against terrorism.

• -De-anonymization/Re-identification?
• Public and/or private data are cross-referenced in an effort to identify a
• specific individual
•  
• -Components of Just War Theory and their
• meanings

Idea is to avoid general laws and, instead, focus on specific sectors

enforcement is achieved  through a range of mechanisms

new legislation has to be introduced with each new technology

• Sectoral Laws --> U.S.
• Comprehensive Laws --> European

• 1. Just Cause
• 2. Comparative justice
• 3. Competent authority
• 4. Right intention
• 5. Probability of success
• 6. Last Resort
• 7. Proportionality

• 1.  Distinction
• 2.  Proportionality
• 3.  Military necessity
• 4.  Fair treatment of prisoners of war
• 5. No means malum in se