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allergy etiology
- 1-heredity: caused by atopy , present as atopic dermatitis, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma and food allergy
- 2-antigen exposure: caused by oral tlerance failure from environmental factors like stress, smoke, tobacco, amount of antigen and seasonal changes
- 3-maternal diet and early infant feeding: by skin contact, inhalation, ingestion, and breast milk
- 4-gastrointestinal microbiota: leaky gut and dysbiosis influence immune function in the GALT gut associated lymphoid tissue thus allowing sensitization.
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adverse reaction to food (ARF)
encompasses both allergies and intolerances
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allergy
immune mediated reaction to food, usually hapten when attached to a large protein carrier that presents different symptoms like abdominal pain, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis...
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food intolerance
adverse reaction to food that does not involve the immune system.
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food sensitivity
refers to ARF used when it is not clear if the symptoms are caused bu allergy or intolerance
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sensitivity-related illness
a hypothesis that states an individual exposed to toxicant may become sensitive to food
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what influences the response of body to food?
- 1-genetics
- 2-stress
- 3-environmental factors
- 4-psychological factors
- 5-physiological influences
- 5-intestinal barrier integrity
- 6-resident intestinal microflora
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antigen
- pathogens
- cancer cells
- bacteria
- viruses
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allergen
substances that are safe but the body falsely responds to as foreign
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oral mucosal tolerance
the ability to perceive foreign animal and plant substances as foreign but safe
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pathophysiology : first exposure
- at first exposure:
- 1-the monocytes and macrophages engulf the foreign material
- 2-break it apart and presents apitope
- 3-T cells recognize the antigen-presenting cell
- 4-cytokines are released to induce T cell differentiation into Th1 and Th2
- 5-Th1 regulates antibody production and destruction of the antigen
- 5-Th2 mediates the production of allergen-specific IgE from B cells
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pathophysiology: second exposure
- at second exposure
- 1-allergen-specific antibody IgE that are attached to mast cells and circulating basophiles form antibody-antigen complex
- 2-this activates granulocytes which degranulate and release inflammatory mediators like:
- a)histamine
- b)interleukin's
- c)prostaglandines
- d)cytokines
- 3-symptoms occur like: abdominal pain, nausea, hives, angioedema, rhinitis, hypotension, and chronic-fatigue syndrome
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