Pathology_ diseases by definition MBLEX book 2015.txt

Decrease in oxygen carrying ability of the blood, Most commonly due to the lack of erythrocyts, hemoglobin, or both. Causes fatigue due to hypoxia.

Bulging of a wall of an artery outward, caused by a weakened arterial wall. Most likely the result of hypertension putting strain on the arterial wall. May break open, resulting in severe hemorrhaging internally which may be fatal.

Hardening of the walls of the arteries, caused by a lack of elasticity in the arteries. Reduces circulation, which may lead to hypertension.

Buildup of fatty plaque, or lipids, on the walls of the arteries, reducing blood flow. May result in hypertension in the formation of blood clots.

A blood clot or bubble of gas freely moving throughout the circulatory system. May become lodged in the heart, lungs, or brain, resulting in a lack of blood flow to the structures, causing neurosis.

Flow of blood backwards in the heart due to malfunctioning valves, typically the bicupid this or mitral valve. Formation of blood clots may occur, along with fatigue.

High blood pressure, 140/90 mm Hg. Results in inelasticity of the arterial walls, reducing circulation.

Vascular headache. Calls by dilation of extracranial blood vessels, which puts substantial pressure upon the meninges, producing intense pain. May be caused by stress or smoke, among other things.

Death of heart tissue, usually caused by a blockage in the coronary arteries, which are responsible for supplying the myocardium with blood. This is also known as a heart attack.

Information of a vein, caused by trauma, pregnancy, prolonged periods of sitting or standing, and may be present with blood clots.

Constriction of blood vessels in the hands and feet, which reduces blood supply. Calls by cigarette smoking, cold exposure, or stress.

Temporary cerebral dysfunction resulting from ischemia in part of the brain. Also known as the mini stroke, it can be a precursor to a more serious stroke in the future.

Swollen veins, caused by dysfunction in the valves inside the veins, resulting in blood pulling down the legs enforcing the veins to ward the surface of the body.

inflammation of the gall bladder, usually do to a blockage of the cystic duct, stopping the flow of bile into the doudenum. Blockage is most commonly caused by gallstones.

destruction of the liver cells, resulting in the formation of Adhesions in fibrous material and the liver, causing the liver to become a yellowish orange color. Liver function is gradually impaired.

Autoimmune disorder which affects the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in information and ulceration of the mucous membranes, in which scar tissue can develop.

Development of small pouches that protrudes from the walls of the large intestine, calls by weakening of the walls due to a lack of substances for the walls to press against.

Information of diverticular pouches, which may become abscessed and develop ulcers

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small intestines, most commonly caused by food poisoning or emotional stress.

Inflammation of the liver most commonly associated with a viral infection, which may be acute or chronic. Results in pain, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, and jaundice in the acute stage of infection.

Protrusion of an organ through the surrounding connective tissue membrane. May result in pain and impaired body function, developing on the location and structures involved.

Also known as GERD, hydrochloric acid flowing from the stomach up words into the esophagus, producing a burning sensation. May result in ulcers in the esophagus.

Autoimmune disorder resulting in inflammation of the walls of the large intestine, producing ulcerations and may result in bloody stools, diarrhea, and weight loss.

Autoimmune disorder which results in the degeneration of the adrenal cortex, causing a decrease in and renal function.

Overproduction of corticosteroids, resulting in increased weight and muscle atrophy.

Increased levels of glucose in the blood stream. Diabetes type 1 is caused by a decrease in insulin levels in the body, which restricts the breaking down of glucose. While diabetes type 2 is caused by the body being desensitized to insulin, which is then unable to break down glucose.

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, commonly seen with hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, inflammation, or lack of iodine in the diet.

Autoimmune disease resulting in hyperthyroidism, anxiety, trembling, and fatigue. May also result in protrusion of the eyeballs.

Increased thyroid function, result in a goiter, hypersensitivity to heat, increased appetite, and an increased respiration.

Lack of thyroid hormone in the body, results in fatigue, weight gain, edema, and sensitivity to cold.

Bacterial infection of the skin, due to numerous factors, including testosterone production, stress, and hormonal imbalance.

Also called tinea Pedis, it is a highly contagious fungal infection found on the feet, primarily between the toes, which may result in breaking of the skin and lead to bacterial infection.

Least serious, slow growing, most common form of skin cancer, usually due to over exposure to sunlight

Most common, least serious. Most common form is a sunburn, affecting the epidermis, resulting in inflammation and irritation of the skin.

burn moves through the epidermis into the dermis, which leads to the development of blisters and swelling.

burn moves through the epidermis and the dermis, into the subcutaneous layer. Results in neurosis and scarring of the skin. And may lead to infection if not treated properly.

Acute infection caused by staph or strep bacteria, which often enters the body through exposure to wounds, affecting nearby tissues. Presents with well-defined borders of information.

Also known as a pressure ulcer or bed sore, results in ulcerations caused by prolonged pressure placed on a part of the body coming causing ischiemia and ultimately neurosis of the affected tissue.

idiopathic disorder causing dry, red, itchy patches of skin. Maybe be either acute or chronic

High contagious chronic viral infection, resulting in cold sores around the mucous membranes.

also known as urticaria, it is an inflammatory reaction in response to exposure to an allergen or emotional stress. To be either acute or chronic, depending on the cause.

Bacterial infection caused by staph or strep, resulting in stores that form around the mouth, nose, and hands. Mostly seen in children, it is highly contagious.

Highly contagious parasitic infection, found in hair. Produce eggs sacs called nits.

Overproduction of melanocytes, resulting in formation of tumors that may spread to other regions of the body. A= asymmetric, B= border, C= color, D= diameter, E= elevated.

Benign skin lesion, resulting from an increase amount of melonin in the area.

Autoimmune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks epithelial tissue. Epithelial cells quickly regenerate at a rate quicker than normal, which results in thick, dry, silvery patches of the skin.

Also known as tinea corporis, it is a fungal infection resulting in circular raised patches on the skin.

A form of acne, results in a butterfly rash that appears across the nose and cheeks. Exacerbated by exposure to cold.

An autoimmune disorder, resulting in excessive collagen production in the skin, causing the skin to become hardened. Can be a sign of organ failure.

Blockage of a sebaceous gland, resulting in the body forming a thick membrane of connective tissue around the gland, limiting tissue damage as a result of infection.

Form by skin cancer which develops into an area of ulceration, caused by over exposure to sunlight, or may be found in the mouth of a person who to tobacco or smokes cigarettes.

Epidermal protrusion resulting from infection by the human papillomavirus. Results in increased keratin production on the area of infection.

AIDS. Viral infection, caused by HIV, which destroys the bodies T cells, effectively disabling the immune system.

Hypersensitivity of the body to agents which are normally harmless in most people.

idiopathic disease which results in symptoms such as insomnia, low grade fever, and irritability.

Increased amounts of interstitial fluid in a limb, resulting in swelling. Caused by inflammation, trauma, or blocked lymph channels.

Autoimmune disorder affecting the connective tissues of the body, resulting in a rash across the face, scales on the skin, fatigue, fever, photosensitivity, and weight loss.

Viral infection, resulting in a high fever, fatigue, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

Swollen area, leaves pits in the skin after applying pressure. May be a sign of organ failure.

Formation of adhesions that stick the joint capsule to the head of a humorous, severely restricting the range of motion at the shoulder joint. May also be caused by hypertonicity of subscapularis.

Loss of muscle density due to lack of use or malnutritionment.

inflammatory disease affecting muscles and connective tissue, resulting in pain, numbness, tingling sensation in the limbs, and fatigue

A form of tendonitis, results in inflammation and pain located at the medial epicondyle of the humerus. The flexors of the wrist are affected, as they originate on the medial epicondyle of the humerus.

Autoimmune disorder, resulting in degeneration of muscles. Muscle degeneration leads to a trophy and lack of use eventually results in paralysis and deformity.

An injury to a muscle or tendon, may be caused by over exertion or over stretching.

Inflammation of a tendon, results from injury to either the tenoperiosteal or musculotendinous junction.

Paralysis or severe weakness of the tibialis anterior, placing the ankle into force planter flexion. May also be caused by hypertonicity gastrocnemius.

TMJ, pain in the general upon opening and closing, clicking at the temporomandibular joint, and decreasing range of motion. Results from trauma to the joints or muscles , clenching, grinding, stress, or a combo of these.

A common form of tendonitis, results in inflammation and pain located at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. The extensors of the wrist are affected, as the originate at the lateral epicondyle of the humerus.

Spasm of the sternocleidomastoid unilaterally, forcing the head to lean to one side. Vertigo may result.

Straining or spraining of tendons, muscles, and ligaments in the neck due to violent forward motion of the head and neck. As a result, tendons, muscles, and ligaments may be injured in weekend, with an increase in headaches, pain, and dizziness. Most commonly seen in auto mobile accidents.

Progressive degeneration of brain tissue, resulting in loss of memory, dementia, confusion, and disorientation.

Paralysis of one side of the face as a result of inflammation or compression of the facial nerve. May be permanent or may subside.

Loss of muscle control and coordination due to damage to certain parts of the brain during early life stages such as infancy.

Compression of the median nerve by the transverse carpal ligament, resulting in loss of function and sensation in the hand.

Inflammation of the brain, most commonly caused by a viral infection. The virus usually enters the body after contact with mosquitoes. Inflammation may result in necrotic brain tissue and death.

Paralysis of one side of the body, usually as the result of a stroke, which may impair function to spacific regions of the body.

Inflammation of the meninges. Bacterial meningitis is the most severe form, which may result in death. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and headache. Highly contagious.

Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the myelin sheaths surrounding axons in the central nervous system, causing degeneration of the myelin. Degeneration also results in scarring on the axons, which results in severe pain in acute stage.

Paralysis of the lower limbs due to an injury to the spinal cord anywhere below the t1 segment. Loss of function results in muscle atrophy.

Shaking or trembling due to reduced levels of neurotransmitter dopamine in the body. Effects fine motor movement at first, then effects larger movements as the disease advances.

Information of pleural membranes surrounding lines, resulting in a burning sensation upon inhalation.

Paralysis of the arms and legs, resulting from an injury to the spinal cord between c5 and t1

Compression on a sciatic nerve by hypertonic muscles, most commonly the piriformis. Results in pain radiating down the leg, and may even reach the bottom of the feet

Compression on the trigeminal nerve, resulting in severe pain around the mouth, nose, and eyes.

Cessation of breathing, temporarily. Most commonly occurs during sleep, commonly caused by compression of Airways by the tongue or pharynx.

Spasm of smooth muscles in the bronchial tubes, which is reaction to stimuli such as allergens or emotional stress. Mucous production is also increased, further reducing air intake, creating wheezing sounds upon inhalation.

Inflammation of the Larynx resulting in loss of voice. Most commonly caused by an infection, but can be caused by cigarette smoke.

Genetic disorder producing thick mucus throughout the respiratory tract, reducing air intake. Mucus blocks the cystic duct, limiting absorption of nutrients.

Inflammation of bronchial tubes, with additional mucus production. Acute bronchitis is the side effect of a primary infection such as influenza, while chronic bronchitis is the result of irritants entering the lungs over a long period of time, such as cigarette smoke.

Destruction of lung alveoli due to exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, reducing oxygen intake and carbon dioxide output.

Acute viral infection, resulting in an inflamed pharynx in nasal cavity, increased mucus production, and fever

Strep infection in the lungs, which fills the lung alveoli with fluid and waste products, reducing air intake.

Progressive autoimmune disorder resulting in degeneration of intervertebral discs. Discs degeneration leads to loss of curvature to the spine, fusion of the vertebrae together, and loss of motion at the site of bone fusion.

Formation of a sack behind the knee as a result of synovial fluid leaking from the joint cavity.

Information of a bursa sac, usually due to trauma to a bursa. Often presents with fluid buildup, restricting range of motion at the side if around a joint

Displacement of a bone from its normal location, damaging tissues around the area. Severely weakened the joint following the dislocation, allowing for further dislocation to occur.

A break in a bone. A simple fracture remains inside the skin, while a compound fracture breaks through the skin.

Fracture of the lateral malleolus of the fibula

Fracture of the distal radius results in dorsal displacement of the wrist and hand.

Excessive uric acid build up in the body, resulting in a severely inflamed big toe, and they also be seen in the arms and hands as well. Caused by an inability of the body to eliminate uric acid normally.

Protrusion of the gelatinous center of an intervertebral disc, known as the nucleus pulposus, through the tough cartilaginous portion of an intervertebral disc, known as the Annulus fibrasis. Results in compression of spinal nerves, producing pain.

Hyper curvature of the thoracic vertebrae, producing a humpback appearance. Also known as dowager's hump. Can be caused by tight chest muscles, weekend and back muscles, or other conditions such as osteoporosis or ankylosing spondylitis

Hyper curvature of the lumbar vertebrae, forcing the vertebrae anteriorly. Also known as swayback. Came be caused by hyper tonicity of the psoas major, or weakness in the rectus abdominis. May also result in over stretching of the hamstrings.

Erosion of the hyline cartilage between articulating bones. Resulting in increased friction between the bones, causing pain and inflammation. Also known as wear and tear arthritis.

Degeneration of bone tissue, due to a lack of estrogen entering into the bones. Usually seen in postmenopausal women, due to the lack of estrogen production. Bones become thin and brittle, making them prone to injuries such as fracture.

Auto immune disorder in which the body's immune system attacks synovial membrane surrounding joints. Upon degeneration, the membrane is replaced by fibrous tissue, which restricts range of motion in the joints. Usually takes place at the Metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand. the singers are turned to a lateral position, making function difficult.

Lateral curvature of the vertebrae, most commonly in the thoracic vertebrae. Can be caused by severely hypertonic muscles, congenital deformities of the vertebral column, and poor posture.

Bacterial infection affecting the bone, which may enter into the marrow in periouteum.

Pain along the medial interior shaft of the tibia, usually due to tearing of muscle attachments. Results from overtraining, running, or jumping on hard surfaces, wearing the wrong equipment, ATC. Also known as medial tibial stress syndrome and Perrostitis

Injury to a ligament, caused by over stretching or tearing of a little bit. Grade 1 is stretching of a ligament without tearing. Grade 2 is partial tearing of a ligament that presents with bruising and information. Grade 3 is complete rupture of a ligament which requires surgery to repair.

Bacterial infection of the urinary bladder, resulting in bloody urine, pain, and increased urination frequency.

Bacterial infection of the kidneys, usually results after obtaining cystitis.

Excessive amounts of urea in the blood stream, usually a sign of renal failure, caused by an inability of the kidneys to filter properly.

Bacterial infection typically affecting both the urethra and urinary bladder.