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Electron Transport Chain
- NADH and FADH2 are used to transport electrons in the form of Hydrogen ions (they are byproducts of catabolic processes).
- FADH2: 4 protons per 2 ATP
- NADH: 6 protons per 3 ATP
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Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
- Aerobic: WITH oxygen, more energy than aneraobic, breakdown of glucose into ATP which then releases CO2.
- Anerobic: WITHOUT oxygen, ATP (pyruvate) is catalyzed by other reactions.
- This is Oxidative Phosphorylation: doesn't generate ATP.
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Chemiosmosis
- Protons created across membrane.
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: Come back in through ATP synthesis.
- Every 2 protons (H) = 1 ATP
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Total number of things produced through Cellular Respiration?
Total ATP yield: 38 in prokaryotes, 36 eukoaryotes
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Fermentation
- Only glycolysis – only 2 ATP, NADH are recycled.
- Acids/Alcohols/Gases created.
- There are Alcohol, Homolactic, or Heterolcatic.
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Alcohol Fermenter
- Saccharomyces
- Beer, wine, ethanol
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Homolactic Fermenter
- Lactic Acid Fermenter
- Only creates lactic acid
- Cheese, yogurt, etc.
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Heterolcatic Fermenter
- Lactic Acid Fermenter
- Creates lactic acid AND Ethanol
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ATP's produced in Aerobic, Anerobic, and Fermentation?
- Aerobic: 36 Euk, 38 Prok
- Anaerobic: Variable (fewer than 38 but more than 2)
- Fermenter: 2 produced
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Fat Catabolism
- How fats are broken down.
- Glycerol to Glycolysis, fatty acids through Beta Oxidation.The Coenzyme A is combined with 2 carbons to form Acetyl-CoA.
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Protein Catabolism
- The breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds (macromolecules), and this process begins in the stomach.
- Protein Hydrolysis, Deamination, Glycolysis, and Krebs Cycle.
- Deamination: The removal of an amine group.
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Light Dependent Photosynthesis
- MUST have light.
- Converts ADP + P=ATP
- Also NADP to NADPH
- Photophosphorylation is also apart of this which consists of Cyclic and Noncyclic.
- UV energy hits molecule and excites electrons.
- Produces protons which are being pumped out.
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Cyclic Phosphorylation
- Part of the Light Dependent Photosynthesis.
- Only ATP is produced.
- Oxygen is not produced.
- Water splitting is absent.
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Noncyclic Phosphorylation
- Part of Light Dependent Photosynthesis.
- ATP and NADPH are produced.
- Oxygen is produced as a by-product.
- Water splitting is present.
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Light Independent Photosynthesis
- DOES NOT need light to react.
- ATP to reduce CO2 to sugar.
- Calvin Benson Cycle
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Calvin Benson Cycle
- Light Independent Photosynthesis
- Takes in CO2 and produces sugar at the end (new cellular material).
- Goes around 3 times (6 for glucose).
- Requires 18 molecules for ATP (2 per 1 glucose).
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Photoheterotroph
- Gaining electrons from light.
- Must eat other things.
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Chemoheterotroph
- Gets its energy from chemicals.
- Must eat something else to create CO2.
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Photoautotroph
- Gaining electron energy from light.
- It self-feeds from light.
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Chemoautotroph
- Gets its energy from chemicals.
- It self feeds from CO2.
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Anabolism
- A metabolic reaction that builds or assembles more complex molecules from simpler ones.
- Through this, carbs, lipids, amino acids, and nucleotides are created.
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Polysaccharides
Substrates from glycolysis, uses UTP and ATP
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Lipids
Glycerol from glycolysis, Fatty Acids from Acetyl-CoA
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Amino Acids
- Amination: Putting an amino acid back in, it's coming from somewhere different.
- Transamination: Using one amino acid to transfer to another amino acid.
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Nucleotides
From amino acids (purines and pyrimidines) and Pentose sugars
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Microbial Growth
- The growth is by numbers, not by size.
- More specifics on cell division then just divide down the middle.
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Binary Fission and Budding
- BF: Bacillus splitting repeatedly.
- Budding: When the mother cell buds off a daughter cell.
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