Parasitology Introduction

  1. - generally a smaller organism that lives on or inside and at the expense of a larger animal.
    Parasite
  2. Host expense is dependent on:
    • number of parasites
    • kind and degree of injury that they inflict
    • vigor or nourishment of the host
  3. - a biological association in which one animal is transported by another animal
    Phoresis
  4. - two organisms which live together, neither bearing a parasitic relation to the other, but one or both members deriving benefit.
    Communalism
  5. - two organisms living together with a mutual advantageous association of two or more organisms.
    Mutualism
  6. _______ is an infestation with parasites.
    a. _______ - a condition in which parasites of different species parasitize a single host.
    b. _______ - excessive parasitization by the same species
    • Parasitism
    • a. multiple parasitism
    • b. superparasitism
  7. Nematodes of zoonotic concern:
    ____ - round worms
    ____ - hook worms
    ____ - whip worms
    ____ - migrating hook worms under the skin
    ____ - (CLM) migrating hooks under the skin in a human
    ____ - ascarids in humans
    • ascariasis
    • ancylostoma
    • trichuriasis
    • cutaneous larval migrans
    • creeping eruption
    • visceral larval migrans
  8. Terminology
    - passage of parasite via milk
    - passage of parasite via placenta.
      synonyms: __________, ___________.
    - stage in development of egg post cell. It is in this stage that cleavage is present in the cell.
    - stage after morula.
    • Transmammary
    • InUtero, intrauterine, transovarian
    • morula
    • vermiform embryo
  9. ______ is the basic, most common, internal zoonotic parasite in veterinarian and human medicine
    Nematode
  10. Two types of anemia:
    a.
    b.
    ____ describes the normal size of a rbc (micro, macro)
    ____ describes the normal color of a rbc
    • a reduction in the number of RBC and/or a reduction in the hemoglobin concentration
    • a. aplastic anemia
    • b. clinical anemia
    • normocytic
    • normochromic
  11. Nematodes that reproduce by laying and hatching eggs are referred to as:
    oviparous
  12. Nematodes that reproduce by birthing live larva without the stage of egg development are referred to as:
    viviparous
  13. An egg that shows indentation in the cell is referred to as _______. This indentation is called __________.
    • Morula
    • Cleavage
  14. Examples of oviparous nematodes:
    ascarids, trichuriasis
  15. Example of viviparous nematode
    heart worms
  16. _______ is number one pathological problem seen with parasitism.
    blood loss
  17. In the life cycle of an oviparous nematode the egg does not _____, it develops.
    molt
  18. Parasitic anemia is __________. This means parasites are taking blood from the bone marrow without providing sufficient time for bone marrow to replenish. Overtime this can cause a detrimental anemia.
    Clinical anemia
  19. ____ _____ is not closely associated with parasites. This is when the bone marrow is not producing sufficient blood cells needed for the body. This is seen most commonly in cases involving _______.
    • Aplastic anemia
    • cancer
  20. Generally speaking _________ is a sign of cancer and __________ is a sign of parasitism.
    • aplastic anemia
    • clinical anemia
  21. ABSOLUTES
    Anemia is:
    3 avenues of communication in the body:
    • reduction in the number of rbc and/or reduction in hemoglobin concentration
    • lymphatics, circulation, nervous system
  22. We can determine the degree of anemia based on the what?
    morphology (appearance) of the red blood cells
  23. Taxonomy: (case sensitive)
    • Kingdom
    •  Phylum
    •   Class
    •    Order
    •     Family
    •      Genus
    •       species
  24. - requires intermediate host (___) generally an arthropod. Example:
     - no intermediate host needed. Example:
    • indirect life cycle: heart worms
    • direct life cycle: lung worms (indirect or direct)
  25. - the brand or trade name for a drug.
      example:
    - the generic name for a drug.
      example:
    - the organic formula for the drug with carbon, hydroxide, oxygen, and covalent bonds attached
    • proprietary name
    •   tylenol
    • non-proprietary name
    •   acetominophen
    • chemical name
  26. Fecal Scoring
    Score 1:
    Score 2:
    Score 3:
    Score 4:
    Score 5:
    Score 6:
    Score 7:
    • 1: very hard and dry. Pellets
    • 2: firm, but not hard. Segmented appearance
    • 3: log like. little to no segmentaion
    • 4: very moist, distinct log shape. leaves residue
    • 5: very moist, distinct shape but appears in piles.
    • 6: has texture but no shape. Piles or spots
    • 7: watery, no texture at all. Puddles
  27. Two parasites most commonly seen in the stool by the owner
    1._____ looks like what
    2._____ looks like what
    • 1. Ascarids (rounds) spaghetti
    • 2. Cestodes (tapes) rice
  28. 3 most common tapes seen in stool in Texas
    • Diplydium caninum
    • Taenia
    • Mesocestoides
  29. Regional prevalence of intestinal parasites
    Most prevalent to least prevalent:
    • Southeast
    • Midwest
    • Northeast
    • West Coast States
    • West
  30. Region where heartworm disease is common and hookworms are prevalent.
    Southeast United States
  31. First appearance of heartworms was found where?
    Hennepin county, Minnesota 1937
  32. An organization designed to foster animal and human health while preserving the human-animal bond through recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and control of parasitic infections.
    CAPC = Companion Animal Parasite Council
  33. An independent association of veterinarians, RVTs and other animal health care professionals established to create guidelines for the optimal control of internal and external parasites that threaten the health of pets and people.
    CAPC
  34. 6 Basic CAPC Recommendations are:
    • 1. annual physical for your pets
    • 2. give preventative flea and tick products asap after birth
    • 3. treat with heartworm anthelmintics that protect against zoonotic potential
    • 4. give cooked food and fresh water
    • 5. retest for heartworms annually
    • 6. fecal exmas in adults once or twice a year
  35. What does NCVP stand for?
    National center for veterinary parasitology
  36. Why is CAPC and the NCVP against the slow-kill method?
    Because the slow-kill method does not actually kill the adult heartworm. Instead we put the animal on a preventative that will decrease the adults lifespan and make it impossible for the adults to reproduce. However, in these dogs it prevents the detection of heartworms. The slow-kill method can convert a positive to a false negative without eliminating the heart worms
  37. List from most effective to least effective which test is best in diagnosing parasitism.
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    • Necropsy
    • Polymerase chain reaction test (PCR)
    • ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)
    • immunoflourescent
  38. List the 3 most common fecal tests we do in clinics and give their percentage of effectiveness.
    • centrifuge float (99%)
    • simple float (84%)
    • direct smear (17%)
  39. There is a test developed at Auburn, designed specifically for tapes to detect the proteins from segments in the feces. What is this test called and what is its effectiveness?
    Sandwich ELISA test (70%)
  40. Preferred drugs for tapes:
    Praziquantel
  41. Rule of thumb when choosing solution for a fecal flotation:
    Specific gravity of the solution must be heavier than the egg so the egg will float up.
  42. List the appropriate specific gravity required in order to view the eggs of
    Ascarids and Ancylostoma (hooks) =
    Trichuris vulpis (whips) =
    Taenia (tapes) =
    Physaloptera (stomach worms) =
    • 1.06
    • 1.15
    • 1.23
    • 1.24
  43. What are the two solutions we use at Tomball college and which has a higher specific gravity?
    • Zinc sulfate (higher)
    • sodium nitrate
Author
jill.hinton
ID
302510
Card Set
Parasitology Introduction
Description
parasitology
Updated