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Generally smaller organism that lives on or inside and at the expense of a larger animal
Parasite
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Host expense dependent on what 3 things
- Number of parasites
- Kind and degree of injury that they inflict
- Vigor and nourishment of the host
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Biological association in which one animal is transported by another animal
Phoresis
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2 organisms which live together, neither bearing a parasite relation to the other but they both benefit
Communalism
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2 organisms living together with mutual advantageous association of 2 or more organisms
Mutualism
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Infestation with parasites
Parasitism
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2 types of parasitism
- Multiple parasitism
- Superparasitism
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Parasites of different species parasitize a single host
Multiple parasitism
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Excessive parasites by the same species
Superparasitism
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Ascariasis nickname
Roundworms
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Ancylostomiasis nickname
Hookworms
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Trichuriasis nickname
Whipworms
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Hookworms underneath the skin called
Cutaneous larval migrans
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Cutaneous larval migrans name in humans
Creeping eruption
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Ascarids in humans that migrate in the organs
Visceral larval migrans
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3 zoonotic diseases caused by parasites that are common
- Cutaneous larval migrans
- Visceral larval migrans
- Ringworm
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Parasite passage via milk
Transmammary
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Parasite passage via placenta
- InUtero
- Intrauterine
- Transovarian
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Stage in development of the egg post cell, cleavage occurs here
Morula
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Stage after morula, larva is forming
Vermiform embryo
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Anemia is...
The reduction of RBC and/or hemoglobin concentration
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2 types of anemia
- Clinical anemia (parasites)
- Aplastic anemia (cancer, bone marrow)
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3 communications in the body
- Circulation
- Lymphatics
- Nervous system
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Classification order
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- species
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Mickey mouse ears AKA
Pine pollen
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Requires intermediate host (vector) generally an arthropod
Indirect life cycle
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No intermediate host needed
- Direct life cycle
- Parasites passed via urine, vomit, etc
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Brand/trade name for drug
- Proprietary name
- EX: Tylenol, Pepto Bismol
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Generic name for drug
- Non-proprietary name
- EX: Acetominophin
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Organic formula for drug with carbon, hydroxide, oxygen, and covalent bonds attached
Chemical name
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A generic/equivalent drug by FDA approval must only be how much percent strength of the brand name drug
90%
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Most likely has parasites if given this fecal score in adults
6-7
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Most likely has parasites if given this fecal score in puppies
4-5
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2 common parasites seen with the unaided eye
- Ascarids (roundworms)
- Cestodes (tapeworms)
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Resemble spaghetti in feces
Ascarids (roundworms)
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Resemble rice in feces
Cestodes (tapeworms)
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HW first appeared in the united states when
Hennepin county, Minnesota in 1937
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CAPC meaning
Companion Animal Parasite Council
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What does the CAPC do?
Made up of vets, LVTs, and health care professionals that create guidelines for optimal control of internal/external parasites that threaten health of humans and animals
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6 basic CAPC recommendations
- Physical exam
- Preventatives soon after birth
- Treat yr round with broad spectrum HW
- Provide cooked food and fresh H2O
- Retest HW status annually
- Fecals once or twice a year
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NCVP meaning
National Center for Veterinary Parasitology
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Why does the NCVP and the CAPC recomend against slow treatment of HW?
May revert some dogs to convert from positive to a false negative without getting rid of the HW
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Tests for parasites
- Necropsy
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- ELISA
- Immunofluoescence
- Centrifuge flotation
- Simple flotation
- Direct smear
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New test for tapeworms
Auburn developed test that detects tape proteins called the Sandwich ELISA, 70% effective
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Preferred drugs for tapeworms
Praziquantel
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Flotation mediums
- Zinc sulfate
- Sodium nitrate
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SG of ascarids and ancylostoma
1.06
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SG of trichuris vulpis (whipworms)
1.15
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SG of Taenia (tapeworms)
1.23
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SG of Physaloptera (stomach worms)
1.24
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Most common worm parasite encountered
Nematodes
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If a puppy is born with Toxocara canis or Ancylostoma caninum when can they begin shedding eggs
2-3 weeks of age
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Bayliascaris procyonis is found in which animals
- Raccoon and viscerally migrate
- Can also effect CNS in dogs
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Stages of egg development of nematodes
- Cell
- Morula
- Vermiform embryo
- Larval stages 1-5
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Ancylostomiasis AKA
Hookworms
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Ancylostomiasis family name
Ancylostomatidae
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3 hookworms found in dogs
- Ancylostoma caninum
- Ancylostoma brazilienses
- Uncinaria stenocephalia
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Hookworm infection transmission
- Skin penetration
- Oral-14 days before eggs pass in feces
- Transmammary
- Intrauterine
- Mammalian intermediate host
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Hookworm infective stage
S3
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3 things hookworm disease depend on
- Virulence of species of hookworms
- Degree of exposure to infected larvae
- Degree of resistant of the host
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Major signs of hookworm disease
- Blood loss
- GI irritation
- Dark tarry stool
- Diarrhea
- Anorexia with pale MM
- Depression
- Eggs found in feces not adults
- Feeds on mucosa of SI causing bleeding
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Anemia appears with hookworms at first as...
Normocytic and normochromic with development and iron deficiency anemia becomes more hypochromic and microcytic
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Prepatent period for hookworms
14 days
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Most common hookworm in dogs
Ancylostoma caninum
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Most common hookworm in cats
Ancylostoma tubeaformae
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Taxonomy for Ancylostoma
- Phylum: Nematoda
- Class: Secernentea
- Order: Strongylida
- Family: Ancylostomatidae
- Genus: Ancylostoma
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Hookworm life cycle direct or indirect?
Direct life cycle
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Primary means of transmission of hookworms in puppies
Transmammary
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Ancylostoma transmission to man
Penetrates the skin causing cutaneous larval migrans known as creeping eruption
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Treatment of hookworms
- Panacur
- Drontal Plus
- Interceptor
- Sentinel
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Control of hookworms
- Deworm, specially before breeding
- Preventatives
- Prevent lawn/run contamination
- Treat soil with salt and boiling water or sodium borate
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Life cycle of Ancylostoma caninum
- Dog consumes S3 larvae or it penetrates skin
- Larvae matures in SI and feeds
- Mature worms copulate and produce eggs
- -2 weeks after if consumed
- -4 weeks after if skin penetration
- Eggs passed in feces and hatch in 2-8 days
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Once S3 has passed to small intestines 2 avenues the hookworm can take...
- 1) Larvae may mature to an adult
- 2) May penetrate intestine wall and migrate through tissues and encyst within skeletal muscle or gut wall and become dormant. Can be activated by hormones during pregnancy and migrate to SI or infest the fetus, this is known as Larval Leak Syndrome
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Ascariasis AKA
Roundworms
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3 common ascarids
- Toxocara canis (dog)
- Toxocara cati/mystax (cat)
- Toxascaris leonina (dog and cat)
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Ascarid taxonomy
- Order: Ascarida
- Phylum: Nematoda
- Family: Ascaridoidea
- Genus: Toxocara, Toxascaris, Physaloptera and Baylisaascaris
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Non definitive host different name
Aberrant host
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Transmission of ascarids
- Consumption of eggs
- S2 infective stage consumption
- Transplacental
- Transmammary
- Predation of paratenic host
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Is roundworm life cycle direct or indirect?
- Direct in dog/cat
- Can can indirect in other species
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Life cycle of ascarids
- Dog consumes S2 larvae
- Larvae penetrates stomach and enters hepatic portal circulation
- Migrates through liver cells
- Larvae enters posterior vena cava and goes to lungs
- Larvae migrates up trachea to pharynx where its swallowed
- Molts in stomach to S3 and goes to SI to molt twice and reproduce
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Ascarids undergo what migration?
Tracheal migration
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Ascarids can be passed inutero from bitch to puppy by...
S2 larvae. Infected pups can have S3 in lungs when born and molt from S3 to S4 during first week of life. S4 present in intestinal tract at 3 days after birth
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Prepatent period for ascarids
21 days
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If ascarids dont undergo tracheal migration and become dormant in the muscle and a bitch becomes pregnant then...
Larvae become activated and migrate to placenta and into lungs of the pups or to the mammary glands where they are shed in the milk
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Do Toxascaris migrate?
No dont migrate away from intestines, deworming needed only once with ivermectin 1/4 mL/40lbs
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Larval leak syndrome can occur with which parasites?
Hookworms and roundworms
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3 forms of Ascarids and Ancylostoma not in egg form
- Adult
- Visceral migrating larvae
- Encysted larval form
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Treatment for ascarids
2 dewormings 2 weeks apart
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Signs of ascarid infection in puppies
- Abdominal cramps
- Constipation/obstipation
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Signs of ascarid infection in adults
- GI upset
- Respiratory disorders
- Pot belly
- Dull hair coat
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Ascarid primary transmission
Transplacental
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Ancylostoma primary transmission
Transmammary
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Control of ascarids
- Screen and deworm before breeding
- Keep puppies in enclosure and remove feces
- Screen puppies at 4 and 8 weeks
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When ascarids enter a non definitive host it takes strange routes such as
- Visceral larval migrans- travel in liver
- Ocular larval migrans- travel in eye
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Toxocara cati differs from T. canis in one way
Transmammary is primary mean of transmission not transplacental
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Toxascaris leonina facts
- Doesnt visceral migrate
- Mucosal migration with S2 and S3 molts in mucosa wall and S4 enters lumen of gut to mature
- Prepatent period 10 weeks
- Deworm once because it doesnt migrate viscerally
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Transmission of Toxascaris leonina
- Ingestion of eggs
- Ingestion of the parentenic host
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Life cycle of Toxascaris leonina
- Ingest eggs
- Hatch
- Molt
- Mature to adult
- All occurs in the intestinal tract
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Baylisascaris procyonis
- Ascarid of racoons
- Can cause CNS issues and death in children due to the CNS migration
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Trichuriasis nickname
Whipworms
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Most common trichuriasis
- Trichuris vulpis- dog
- Trichuris campanula- cat
- Trichuris serrate- cat
- Trichuris trichura- man/pig/monkeys
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Trichuris inhabits what part of the body?
Cecum and embed in the mucosa
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Life cycle of trichuris
- Eggs consumed and hatch and larval development occurs in jejunal wall (larvae incubate 1 month in egg)
- Adults move to cecum where they mature and reproduce in 12 weeks after ingestion
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Transmission of trichuris
Directly consume eggs
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Prepatent period for trichuris
3 months
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Trichuris caused irritation to cecum called what
Flank sucking
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What kind of blood does trichuris cause?
Bright red blood
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Does trichuris have a direct or indirect life cycle?
Direct life cycle
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Symptoms of trichuris
- Weight loss
- Bright red blood in feces
- Anemia
- Abdominal pain
- Flatulence
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Treatment for trichuris
Fenbendazole
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Benzimendazoles
- Parbendazole
- Albendazole
- Cambendazole
- Thiabendazole
- Fenbendazole
- Mebendazole
- Oxibendazole
- Oxifendazole
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Strongyloides nickname
Intestinal threadworm
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Strongyloides name in horses
Micronema
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Taxonomy of strongyloides
- Phylum: Nematoda
- Order: Rhabditida
- Family: Rhabdiasoidea
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Strongyloides live where?
In decaying flesh, feces, dead plants
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Common strongyloides
- Strongyloides stercoralis- dog
- Strongyloides tumefaciens- cat
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Micronema sp in horses migrates how?
Through CNS
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Where does strongyloides live in cats and dogs?
Mucosa on the SI
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Why does strongyloides causes bright red blood?
Rapid movement through the SI
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With strongyloides which are pathogenic?
Females and eggs reproduce asexually
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3 forms of strongyloides
- Sexual male
- Sexual female
- Asexual and pathogenic female
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Life cycle of strongyloides
- Male/female reproduce sexually while pathogenic female reproduces asexually
- Larvae not passed out in the feces can develop into infective females or non-infective males and females
- After passing larvae will molt twice to infective S3
- S3 may penetrate skin or be consumed
- S3 larvae will migrate by circulation and lungs, going to the intestines as S4
- S4 will molt to adult in upper SI
- Progeny may shed in feces 7-20 days after infection
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Transmission of strongyloides
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Treatment of strongyloides
Ivermectin orally or thiabendazole for 3 days
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What species cause dark tarry stool?
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Which species cause bright red blood?
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Which species exit animal in S1 larval form?
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Taxonomy of lungworms
- Order: Nematoda
- Phylum: Trichinellida
- Family: Trichinelloidea
- Genus: Eucoleus, Aelurostrongylus, Crenosoma, Oslerus, Filaroides
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Are lungworms oviparous?
Yes
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Common lungworms
- Eucoleus aerophila- dog/fox can be direct or indirect life cycle using a earthworm
- Eucoleus annulata- poultry crop worm
- Eucoleus contorta- ducks
- Aleurostrongylus abstrusus- cat indirect life cycle using molluscs
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Dogs infected with lungworms symptoms
Coughing turning into pneumonia
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Cat infected lungworm symptoms
Few signs, can be coughing, dyspnea, anorexia, fever, sneezing
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Lungworm with infective stage L1 and has no intermediate host
- Oslerus osleri
- Filaroides hirthi
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Fox lungworm that occurs in the trachea and bronchi
Crenosoma vulpis
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French heartworm that occurs in pulmonary arteries and right side of heart in dogs and wild cats
Angiostrongylus vasorum
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Paragonimus kellicotti
Trematode lungworm, natural host is the mink, eggs are coughed up and swallowed, passed in water and picked up by snail, crawfish eats snail, dog eats crawfish
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Intermediate host for lungworms
- Eucoleus- can be an earthworm
- Aleurostrongylus- molluscs
- Paragonimus- crawfish
- Filaroides- dont need one
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How to diagnose lungworms
Baermann apparatus
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Treatment for lungworms
Ivermectin 1/4 mL/40 lbs
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Esophageal worm
Spirocerca lupi
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Where do spirocerca dwell?
In nodules in esophagus, stomach or aortic wall of dogs
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What do spriocerca produce?
Tumors in esophagus
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Symptoms of spirocerca
- Vomiting
- Dysphagia
- Aortic aneurysm
- Secondary pulmonary osteoarthropathy
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Life cycle of Spriocerca lupi
- Eggs deposited in feces
- Eggs hatch after ingestion by coprophagic beetle
- Larvae become infected and encyst in tracheal tubes of beetle
- Beetle ingested by parentenic host
- Paraentenic host consumed by dog, larvae liberated in stomach penetrating wall and then find their way via arterial system to the wall of the stomach and esophagus
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Prepatent period for spirocerca
6 months
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Stomach worm
- Physaloptera preputialis- cat
- Physaloptera rara- dogs
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Physaloptera differs from ascarids in 5 ways
- In stomach only
- Shape of a "C"
- Eggs almost always in vermiform embryo
- Eggs are transparent
- Feed on mucosa causing dark bleeding
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Physaloptera life cycle
- Indirect (beetles)
- Adults attach to mucosa of stomach causing rupture of blood that appears dark
- Eggs pass out in feces
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Eyeworm
Thelazia californiensis
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Thelazia occurs in which species?
Dogs, cats, sheep, deer and cattle
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Where does Thelazia occur?
Conjunctival sac
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Mechanical vectors for Thelazia
Musca domestica (house fly) and Musca autumnalis (face fly)
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Other eyeworms
- Thelazia lacrymalis- cattle/horse
- Thelazia skrjabini- cattle/horse
- Thelazia gulosa- cattle
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