2nd chance

Examples of late effects of ionizing radiation on humans include

1. leukemia


2. local tissue damage


3. malignant disease

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
1 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

Which of the following is (are) possible long-term somatic effects of radiation exposure?

1. Blood changes


2. Cataractogenesis


3. Embryologic effects

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

<correct.opt style="color: rgb(78, 78, 78); font-family: 'Open Sans'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22.5px;"> Late or long-term effects of radiation can occur in tissues that have survived a previous irradiation months or years earlier. These late effects, such as carcinogenesis and genetic effects, are "_____ nothing" effects

All the following radiation-exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose–response relationship except



A
 
skin erythema 


B
 
hematologic depression 


C
 
radiation lethality 


D
 
leukemia

Stochastic effects of radiation are those that

1. have a threshold


2. may be described as “all-or-nothing” effects


3. are late effects

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

Which of the following dose-response curve characteristics represent genetic and some somatic responses to radiation?

1.	Linear
2.	Nonthreshold
3.	Sigmoidal

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
1 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

Which type of dose–response relationship represents radiation-induced leukemia and genetic effects?



A
 
Linear, threshold 


B
 
Nonlinear, threshold 


C
 
Linear, nonthreshold 


D
 
Nonlinear, nonthreshold

Examples of stochastic effects of radiation exposure include

1. radiation-induced malignancy


2. genetic effects


3. leukemia

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

Which of the dose–response curves seen in Figure 3–4 represents possible genetic effects of ionizing radiation?







A
 
Dose–response curve A 


B
 
Dose–response curve B 


C
 
Dose–response curve C 


D
 
None of these

The late effects of radiation are considered to

1. have no threshold dose.


2. be directly related to dose.


3. occur within hours of exposure.

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

Somatic effects of radiation refer to effects that are manifested



A
 
in the descendants of the exposed individual 


B
 
during the life of the exposed individual 


C
 
in the exposed individual and his or her descendants 


D
 
in the reproductive cells of the exposed individual

Late radiation-induced somatic effects include

1. thyroid cancers


2. cataractogenesis


3. skin cancers

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

Which of the following is (are) used to account for the differences in tissue characteristics when determining effective dose to biologic material?

1. Tissue weighting factors (W t )


2. Radiation weighting factors (W r )


3. Absorbed dose

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3