-
The function that the company is to perform predicates where the apparatus should be placed:
- • Engine companies: Location should allow room for aerial trucks to access the front of the structure.
- • Ladder companies: Location should allow maximum versatility.
- • Aerial trucks: Location should allow access to the best scrub area.
-
The scrub area is the area
that can be reached with an aerial ladder once the apparatus is set up
-
Keep aerial appa-ratus capable of flowing
_______ streams ______ of the fire
-
In well-involved buildings that have the potential of collapse, keep apparatus :
out of the collapse zones and as close to the corners of the structure as possible.p
-
Ladder companies should be placed in locations that allow the ladder to have the most ______. Aerial trucks should be placed in order to obtain the best _______.
-
Consider-ations for apparatus placement include the following:
- • Apparatus capabilities (e.g., a 100-foot aerial versus a 75-foot aerial)
- • SOGs (e.g., first engine to the front, second to the rear)
- • Prearranged SOGs for staging (e.g., only first-due engine to scene with nothing showing, all others to stage in direction of travel uncommitted)
- • Order from incident commander (e.g., “Engine 1 hook to the fire department connection on side 3.”)
- • Prearranged placement based on preincident planning (e.g., according to the preplan, lad-der 1 will position on the northeast corner of the building and place the aerial to the roof )
- • Fire location and extent (e.g., defensive oper-ations may require the use of truck-mounted deck guns; however, collapse zones must be considered)
- • Apparatus staged with personnel assigned
- • Overhead hazards
-
Salvage duties involve saving possessions in danger of being damaged by fire, smoke, and water. They begin with the fire fighters _________ and continue until fire department operations have_______.
- arrival on the scene
- concluded
-
The postcontrol phase of overhauling is per-formed _______. This is the time to be extremely meticulous in determining whether all fire has been extinguished
after the fire is under control
-
The precontrol stage of overhauling is performed under adverse conditions,________________.
such as high heat, heavy smoke, and limited visibility
-
The intent of over haul is to work from _____ back toward _____ to determine the fire’s ____.
- charred areas
- clean areas
- extent
-
The precontrol phase of overhauling entails ______ _____, examin-ing baseboards, _____, and so forth to determine the fire’s path of ________ and _________.
- pulling ceilings
- shafts
- travel and location
-
Portable ladders should be placed on as ___ sides of the fire building and at as many windows as possible. At a minimum, _____ must be extended to each floor on which fire fighters are operating
-
The preferred portable ladder is an _______.
extension ladder
-
When forced to break double-pane or thermal-insulated windows,______of glass must be removed
both panes
-
Windows can be forced by placing the ___ end of a Halligan tool under the_____ of the window and exerting ____ pres-sure on the tool, popping the window lock open.
-
Double-hung windows should be opened ______ and______ for adequate ventilation at smaller fires,
- two thirds from the top
- one third from the bot-tom
-
Padlocks can be attacked at either the ___,____ or point of attachment.The _____ should be attacked.
- staple, shackle
- weakest link
-
Outward-opening doors are usually indicative of doors to ____._____ and _____. They are usually not found as____ doors to houses and apartments.
- commercial occupancies
- elevators
- closets
- entrance
-
_______ pumps of the ram will force most inward-opening doors
Four to six
-
A quick way to force an inward-opening door is to place a ______ tool _____above or below the lock, with the _____ ____ of the fork against the door slightly angled up or down
- Halligan
- 6 inches
- bevel side
-
Gaining entry is also a very import-ant function of the _____ ______.
p.202
ladder company
-
In many cases, uncon-scious victims are found behind _____ _____ or below ______, overcome while attempting to flee the area.
p.201
-
Here are some searching tips:
- • Plan your search.
- • Check behind doors and under windows immediately.
- • If the door opens easily, then stops, there is a good chance that a victim is behind it.
- • Use caution when searching with tools to avoid injuring victims.
- • Do not let a door lock behind you. Chock it or leave a fire fighter at the door.
- • Confine a fire by closing a door, then con-tinue with the search.
- • Work around walls, probing toward the cen-ter of the room.
- • Use a tool to your advantage; it increases arm length.
- • Vent during the search, as long as it will not extend the fire.
- • Listen for crying, moaning, or coughing.
- • Check all closets and cabinets.
- • Do not assume locked rooms are empty.
- • Look under beds.
- • Treat furniture as an extension of the wall. Do not move it.
- • Be aware of bunk beds. The top bunk must be checked.
- • Narrow furniture legs are found on bunk beds, cribs, and baby highchairs.
- • Search through piles of clothes thoroughly.
- • Check refrigerators, toy boxes, and dressers for children.
- • If one victim is found on a bed, check for additional victims.
- • Outward-opening doors could indicate a util-ity closet or elevator shaft.
- • Look out a window, if disoriented.
- • The primary way out is the way entry was made.
- • Plan your own escape route.p.202
-
In search and rescue
The incident commander should also ensure that the fire fighters who performed the primary search are ____ of _____ before having different fire fighters perform the secondary search.
p.201
out of the structure
-
The primary search is an immediate search for ______ occupants. The search should be performed quickly, but ______.
.p.201
-
The secondary search can be defined as a ________ thorough search by a different group of fire fighters to ensure that no victims were missed during the primary search. It is recommended that the fire fighters who perform the primary search __ ____ the secondary search
-
The search for life, fire, and fire extension are several functions of _____ _____. Along with the proper placement of hose lines, there is no greater tool than a well-developed search plan.
p.201
ladder companies
-
A potential drawback to _____ _____ _____ is that there is a good possibility of pushing smoke and fire into uninvolved areas of the building, possibly extending the fire or endangering occupants
positive pressure ventilation
-
_______ ______ is a means to remove smoke from a structure with the assistance of mechanical equipment such as smoke ejectors, positive pressure blowers/fans, exhaust fans, building ventilation systems (HVAC), and fog streams from hose lines.p.200
mechan-ical ventilation
-
When performing mechanical ventilation use in fog nozzle, the nozzle team stands __ to ___ feet from a window and directs a fog stream, roughly the ___ of ___ opening, out the window. This is a proven, effective way to ventilate a room or area quickly.
p.200
-
____ _____ involves the opening of doors, windows, skylights, bulkheads, and any other building openings to permit smoke, heat, and flames to escape through these openings with no assistance from fire personnel other than by creating the opening.p.200
Natural ventilation
-
___ ___ is the movement of heat and smoke from the higher air pressure within a fire building to all other lower air pressure areas, both within and outside the fire building.
p.199
flow path
-
When fire fighters vent for ___, they are facilitating the engine company’s advance into the ___ area. When they vent for ___, they are doing so to enter an immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) area where there is a known or suspected ____.
p.199
-
Fire fighters are more frequently find-ing fires in their _________ stage, with tremendous heat and no visible fire present. These conditions are prime for a _______, which can definitely be caused by improper horizontal ventilation preceding verti-cal ventilation.
p.199
-
This ventilation should be coordinated between the ____ and ___ fire teams. If ______ _____ is performed prematurely, it could lead to rapid extension of the fire and possible autoextension.
p.198
- inside and outside
- horizontal ventila-tion
-
______ _____ is usually performed after the engine company’s hose line is stretched, charged, and ready to begin the fire attack.
p.198
Horizontal ventilation
-
If a member cuts a roof and a white paste is observed on the saw blade (indicating wet gypsum), the roof fire fighter should immediately notify the ___ ____ and ___ the ___.
p.198
incident commander and evacuate the roof
-
________ roofs that ignite can spread fire rapidly across the entire roof, whereas ______ roofs can fail rapidly under fire conditions and easily absorb moisture.
p.198
-
the following reliable signs to locate the fire on a roof:
p.198
- • Melted snow
- • Steam on a wet roof
- • Bubbling tar
- • Soft areas of the roof
- • Sense of touch
- • Looking over the roof’s edge
- • Visible location of fire
-
When cutting the roof, the hole should be cut in a way that makes it easy to ___ and should be at least ___ ____.
p.198
-
Scuttle covers can be removed with conventional hand tools. However, if they have been tarred over, a saw with a____ ____ blade may be necessary.
p.198
carbide tip
-
The first thing the roof division must consider when getting on the roof is a way of ___ ____ the ____.
.p.197
getting off the roof
-
The fire fighters on the roof are the eyes of the incident commander and must inform the incident commander of conditions visible at the roof level, such as:
- • Visible fire and smoke, color, and volume
- • Location of shafts
- • Paths of fire extension
- • Persons in immediate distress
p.197
-
Avoid the ______ stairs of a fire building in getting to the roof because of the potential of trapped gases, smoke, and heat in the stairwell.
p.197
interior
-
In which buildings does the firefighter have to used the interior stairs
.p.197
high-rises or an isolated building above the reach of ladders
-
Getting to the rear of these large buildings to use the fire escape is often both difficult and time- consuming, making it the l ____ ____ method.p.196
east preferred
-
The purpose of ______ ______ is to draw heat, smoke, and fire up and out of the fire building through vertical openings. Some of these openings on high rise and larger buildings can include _____, _____ and ______.
p.195
- vertical ventilation
- bulkheads, scuttles, and skylights
-
Benefits of vertical ventilation include:
- • Prevents fire gases and heat from banking down from upper floors
- • Increases survival time of victims by channel-ing gases and heat away from them
- • Clears hallways and stairwells of smoke and heat, assisting escape of occupants
- • Assists other fire fighters in attaining a position on the floors above the fire for search and rescue
- • Assists the engine company in advancing its hose lines, allowing a rapid interior attack
p.196
-
The purpose of ______ ______ is to draw heat, smoke, and fire up and out of the fire building through vertical openings. Some of these openings oh lager or highrisecan include bulkheads, scuttles, and skylights
p.195
vertical ventilation
-
There are also different methods of performing ventilation—for example, ______. and _______ ventilation.
p.195
natural and mechanical
-
In many cases, ________ determines the outcome of a fire
p.195
ventilation
-
The major role of the ladder company at the fire scene involves ______ ____, search and rescue, and________. The ladder company is also responsible for other support functions, such as laddering the fire building,_______ and ________ operations and shutting off utilities to the fire building, when necessary.
p.195
- forcible entry
- ventilation
- overhauling and salvage
-
For ladder company functions to be met on the fire scene, various ladder company–specific tools and specialized equipment may be required, such as hand tools for ____ ____; various saws that cut through wood, _____ and ______; vehicle rescue equipment; air bags; cutting torches; and portable _____ and _____.
p.194
- forcible entry
- metal, and concrete
- lighting and generators
-
In the_____ _____ stage, rooms adjacent to the fire area may be at the point of flashover, which is the third stage. In the final stage, the ______ or ______ stage, fire fighters must be ever vigilant and alert.
p.193
free-burning
smoldering or decay
-
In the ____ _____ stage, the fire produces tremendous amounts of heat and heavy fire conditions.
p.193
free-burning
-
In the________ stage, the smoke, heat, and fire conditions are minimal.
p.193
incipient
-
When fighting an Apartment fire and progress is not being made toward extinguishment, then _____ ____ ___ ___may be the solution, or the ______ may not be enough for the volume of fire. Advance only if it is safe to do so!p.193
- advancing several more feet
- flow
-
When fighting a fire in an apartment building, a ___ ____ at the _____ ____ ______ _____ may assist the engine company’s movements toward fire attack.
p.193
quick look
layout of the apartment directly below the one involved
-
If fire does not meet the engine company at the door, fire fighters will want to __ ____.
p.193
stay low
-
Before entering a door to the fire area, all fire fighters should remain down low and should be on the same side of the ____ ___ and on the same side of the ______ opening.p.192
-
Prior to entering a fire compartment or building involved in fire, fire personnel should: p.192
- • Identify the building construction type
- • Identify the occupancy
- • Identify the need for rescue
- • Identify the type of fire—vent or fuel controlled
- • Identify the need to coordinate fire attack with ventilation
-
all engine fire fighters should be able to perform the following procedures:
p.192
- • Lay lines from hydrant to pumper
- • Position or reposition the apparatus
- • Determine the amount of hose needed to reach the seat of the fire
- • Stretch a hose line
- • Supply tank water to hose lines while awaiting hydrant supply
- • Make a hydrant connection • Make all hose connections
- • Maintain adequate pressure in hose lines using the pump
- • Utilize deck guns and/or master streams
- • Supply foam
- • Supply auxiliary protection systems
-
Fire extinguishment is the___ step in the sup-pression effort. Extinguishment includes putting out all visible flames and any hidden pockets of fire.
p.192
final
-
The search for concealed fire areas and eventual total extin-guishment is called
overhauling
-
Simply stated, __________ is keeping the fire in the area, room, or building of ori-ginp.191
confinement
-
Confining the fire is the ____ _____ in fire suppression.
p.191
second step
-
Once the location of the main body of the fire has been determined, the incident commander should ensure that dispatch is ______ and that all ______ are ________ .
p.191
notified and that all personnel are updated
-
A _____ _____fire is one that displays high smoke volume and pressure (incomplete combustion). A ____ _____ fire is one that is growth limited by the supply of combustibles. .
p.190
- vent- controlled
- fuel- controlled
-
Fully-involved fires are an example of ___ _____ fires
fuel-controlled
-
The three basic steps in fire suppression are:
p.190
1. Locating 2. Confining 3. Extinguishing
-
The factors that must be considered in selecting the proper hose line include the following:
p.189
ask your self
Is the hose for:
What is: COBL
Where is: FL
ETC
- • Is the hose line required for rescue, immedi-ate extinguishment, ventilation, or exposure protection?
- • What is the location of the fire?
- • Is this a vent- or fuel-controlled fire?
- • What is the building construction type?
- • What is the building occupancy?
- • What materials are burning—plastics or natural?
- • How much is burning (fire load) and in what storage configuration?
- • Where is the fire extending?
- • Where is the line going to be placed or stretched?
- • What areas need immediate attention (such as a structure’s means of egress)?
- • What resources are available?
- • What are the building’s dimensions?
-
It is important when choosing a ____ _____ as a water supply option that the resources available match the water sup-ply need. A helpful tool in this analysis is the _____ ____ _____ (TDR) formula.
p.188
- tender shuttle
- tender delivery rate
-
Water tenders may carry water in amounts from ____ to ___ gallons, or greater in some cases.
p.188
1000 to 8000
-
As an example, tender with a capacity of 2500 gallons and it takes 20 minutes for the refill cycle;
TDR is in GPM C/T = GPM
If the fire requires a flow rate of 750 GPM, then how manny tenders of the same size would be needed to have a continuous water supply:
6 TENDERS
750/150
-
Dry hydrants are installed by developers to meet various ____ _____. Dry hydrants are essentially hard suction tubes that are piped into a nearby ___ _____source.
p.188
- flow requirements
- static water
-
In areas where hydrants are not readily available and a static source is being used, fire engines must determine the most efficient means of quickly mov-ing the water supply. The options available include _______ and _______ _______:
p.188
drafting and water tender shuttles
-
Engine companies have three options when laying hose lines to move water from a water source to the fire scene:
p.187
- Forward lay
- Reverse lay
- Split lay
-
Water supplies generally come from either fire _____ or ________.
hydrants or static sources
-
lakes, pools, or ponds are examples of _______ water source
p.187
static
-
The booster tank water is useful for some____ _____, ____ _____ and other small, outside fires.
p.187
vehicle fires, some small brush fires
-
Engine Company Responsibilities
As with any first-arriving unit, ______ is of utmost importance for an engine company. Size-up starts with the _____ of the alarm or, in many instances, before the alarm comes in.p.186
-
___ _____ should have a very good knowledge of the hose loads, types and sizes of hose, and the various nozzle types and sizes available.
p.186
Fire fighters
-
The minimum requirements for a Pumper Fire Apparatus from NFPA _____ , Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, are given in the following list:• Minimum water tank of ____ gallons • Hose compartment of at least 30 cubic feet for _____ or larger supply hose and two compartments of at least ___ ___ feet for ____ or larger attack hose • Minimum pump size of per minute (GPM) Figurep.185
- 1901
- 300
- 2½-inch
- 3.5 cubic
- 1½-inch
- 750 gallons
-
The ____ _____ is the basic building block of every fire department
p.185
engine company
-
Initial fire attack tac-tics are impacted by various factors, including:
p.185
WHAR
- • Requirement for immediate rescue
- • Human and physical resources required to take immediate action safely and effectively
- • Water supply
- • Access to the subject structure or vehicle
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