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What is the central
nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord; oligodenclrocytes
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What is the peripheral nervous system?
Everything else; Schwann cells
-
What is the autonomic nervous system?
Automatic stuff
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What is the somatic nervous system?
Moving your muscles
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What is the parasympathetic system?
Rest-and-Digest => slows stuff down
-
How does the parasympathetic
system behave?
- "DUMBBELLS":
- Diarrhea Urination
- Miosis "constrict"
- Bradycardia
- Bronchoconstrict
- Erection ''point"
- Lacrimation
- Salivation
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What is the sympathetic system?
Fight-or-Flight => speeds stuff up
-
How does the sympathetic system behave?
- Opposite of Parasympathetics:
- Constipation
- Urinary retention
- Mydriasis "dilation"
- Tachycardia
- Bronchoclilate
- Ejaculation "shoot"
- Xerophthalmia (dry eyes)
- Xerostomia (dry mouth)
-
What is Cushing's triad?
HTN, bradycardia, irregular breathing
-
What is Budd-Chiari?
Hepatic vein obstruction
-
What is Arnold-Chiari?
Foramen magnum obstruction
-
what is Anencephaly?
Notochord did not make contact w / brain => only have medulla
-
What is an Encephalocele?
Brain tissue herniation
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What is a Dandy Walker malformation?
No cerebellum., distended 4th lateral ventricles
-
What is an Arnold-Chiari malformation?
- Herniation of cerebellum through foramen magnum
- Type I: cerebellar tonsils (asymptomatic)
- Type II: cerebellar vermis/ medulla=>
- hydrocephalus, syringomylia (loss of pain /
- temp)
-
What is Spina bifida occulta?
Covered by skin w/ tuft of hair
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What is Spina bifida aperta?
Has opening (high AFP)
-
What is a Meningocele?
Sacral pocket w/ meninges in it
-
What is a Meningomyelocele?
Sacral pocket w/ meninges and nerves in it
-
What is Open-angle glaucoma?
Overproduction of fluid => painless ipsilateral dilated pupil, gradual tunnel vision, optic disc cupping
-
What is Closed-angle glaucoma?
Obstruction of canal of Schlemm => sudden onset, pain, emergency
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What are the Watershed areas?
Hippocampus, splenic flexure
-
What bug loves the frontal lobe?
Rubella
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What bug loves the temporal lobe?
HSV
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What bug loves the parietal lobe?
Toxoplasma
-
What bug loves the hippocampus?
Rabies
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What bug loves the posterior fossa?
TB
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What bug loves the DCML tract?
Treponema
-
How do migraines present?
Aura, photophobia, numbness and tingling, throbbing HA, nausea
-
How do tension headaches present?
"Band-like" pain starts in posterior neck, worse as day progresses, sleep disturbance
-
How do cluster headaches present?
Rhinorrhea , unilateral orbital pain, suicidal, facial flushing, worse w/ lying down
-
How does temporal arteritis present?
Pain with chewing, blind in one eye
-
How does trigeminal neuralgia present?
Sharp, shooting face pain
-
What are the 2 kinds of partial seizures?
Simple (aware), Complex(not aware)
-
What are the 3 kinds of generalized seizures?
- •Tonic-Clonic "Grand mal"
- •Absence "Petit mal"
- •Status Epilepticus
-
How does an epidural hematoma present?
Intermittent consciousness, "lucid interval"
-
How does a subdural hematoma present?
Headache 4wks after trauma, elderly (loose brain)
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How does a subarachnoid hemorrhage present?
"Worst headache of my life", h/o berry aneurysm
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What is an Astrocytoma?
Rosenthal fibers, # 1 in kids w/ occipital headache
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What is an Ependymoma?
Rosettes, in 4'" ventricle, hydrocephalus
-
What is a Craniopharyngioma?
- Motor oil biopsy, tooth
- enamel, Rathke's pouch, ADH problem, bitemporal hemianopsia
-
What is Glioblastoma multiforme?
Pseudopalisading, necrosis, worst prognosis, intralesional hemorrhage
-
What is a Hemangioblastoma?
Cercbellum, von-Hippel-Lindau
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What is a Medulloblastoma?
Pseudorosettes, com presses brain, early morning vonuting
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What is a Meningioma?
Parasagittal, psammoma bodies, whorling pattern, best prognosis
-
What are the most common places to metastasize to the brain?
From lung, breast, skin; see at white-grey junction
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What is an Oligodendroglioma?
Fried-egg appearance, nodular calcification
-
What is a Pinealoma?
- Loss of upward gaze, loss of circadian
- rhytluns => precocious puberty
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What is a Schwannoma?
CN8 tumor, unilateral deafness
-
What is Neurofibromatosis?
- Cafe au lait spots (hyperpigmentation) => peripheral nerve tumors, axillary freckle
- •Type 1 "Von Recklinghausen's": Peripheral
- (Chr# 17), optic glioma, Lisch nodules,
- scoliosis
- •Type 2 "Acoustic Neuroma ": Central (Chr:#22), cataracts, bilateral deafness
-
What is Sturge-Weber?
Port wine stain (big purple spot) on forehead, angioma of retina
-
What is Tuberous Sclerosis?
- Ashen leaf spots (hypopigmentation), 1o
- brain tumors, Heart rhabdomyolsis, Renal cell CA, Shagreen spots (Leathery)
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