chapter 13

______ ______ can gener-ally be categorized as either mercantile, business, or industrial properties

p.272

The best way to prepare for building hazards is through _________. Fire fight-ers should take the time and effort to thoroughly look at all components of the structure and its contents.

p.273

Fires in ________  ______ and structures can be some of the most difficult to control and extinguish. There are increased hazards and dangers to fire fighters due to the various amounts of fire loading and unknown contents, which may range from ordinary combustibles to hazardous chemicals.

p.273

The main concern for the first company to arrive on scene due to the size of these buildings and the potentially unknown location of the fire are.
p.273

Consider assign-ment of more than one ____ when more than one entrance is used.

p.273

There are several safety issues that fire fighters should consider when attack-ing a fire in a commercial building. First of all, a _______ could occur with little warning, because commercial buildings often have high ceilings, making it harder to assess the true intensity of the heat and fire. Another item of concern is the ______ of the building and/or the _____ of its contents.

p.274

It is recommended that fire fighters working without hose lines during search operations use a ____ ___.

p.274

The ____ and _____ effort must begin in the areas that are most threatened by fire and smoke, and then fire fighters should work outward from there.

p.275

Remember, most peo-ple tend to leave the _____ ___ they entered. _____ and _____ efforts should be sure to address these exit areas quickly and to ensure that these areas stay protected if threatened by the fire spread.

p.275

Evacuation for incidents in commercial structures should begin in the areas of the structure most ________ by the fire and smoke.

p.275

Evacuation in larger commercial structures can be conducted with the use of a ______ ______ system, _____ ______ system, fire fighters, or any combination depend-ing on what equipment and staffing is available.

p.275

In large, multistory commercial structures, exposure protection involves prevent-ing fire from spreading ______ and ________ throughout the building to uninvolved areas. Expo-sure protection in small commercial buildings in a congested downtown area requires the placement of large hose lines or  _____ _____flowing water on closely exposed buildings

Large hose lines of ____ inches or more are often necessary for extinguishment operations at commer-cial structures.

p.277

The several different types of com-mercial occupancies that fire fighters may encounter during their careers:

.p.272

______ ______ are structures designed for retail businesses, such as supermarkets, department stores, drug stores, and shopping centers.

p.272

______ properties are often occupied by professionals providing various services to the public. Some examples of business properties are courthouses, barber shops, and offices for doc-tors, lawyers, and dentists.

p.272

An ______ occupancy could be a factory or a manufacturing location.

p.272

Confinement 

Confining fires in commercial structures can be dif-ficult, and the challenges fire fighters face will vary depending on the type of structure. In strip mall complexes, for example, the fire may extend through both horizontal breaches in the walls and through a ______ _______.

p.276

In gen-eral, these are long, narrow one-story buildings that are partitioned throughout to create the number of separate occupancies desired. They are typically built with masonry exterior walls but have a variety of roof types.

p.278

Almost every strip mall/strip center structure has _________ or ___________. These types of roofs continue to plague the fire service because of their potential for rapid failure and collapse under fire conditions.

p.279

Roofs in strip malls.
____ ____ ____allow fire to spread through conduction. Tar, which is a major component of metal decks and wood decks, is _____ and _____ .

p.279

____ ______ roof assemblies fail because when wood truss roofs and connection points are subjected to fire conditions, the truss may burn ______ ______

.p.279

If fire fighters observe a truss or truss section failing, ____ _____ _____.

p.280

An additional hazard associated with strip cen-ters is the ________ _______ located above the main entrances that typically run the entire length of the building. Usually, these are merely decorative and offer no ______ ______to the main building itself.p.280

The _____ _____ _______ is attached to or supported by the main structure on one end.

p.280

The roof assembly of the ______ _______ is basically an extension of the main roof, and in this case, although decorative, this space is _____ to the attic and ______ of the main structure.

These covered walkways can be either ______ , or they may be supported on the street or parking lot side of the covered walkway by ____ ______. 

 p280

The covered walkways that are supported by posts or pillars are typically _______ and are just _____ _____ _____.

______ and ________ or chases may exist due to the placement or changing of business signs and other similar building modifications or renova-tions.

p.281

Because occupancies are constantly changing, the structure’s interior, and sometimes exterior, is continually undergoing some sort of structural modification. These changes might include:

Strip Malls

IC should con-sider whether the fire fighters are making significant progress on the fire. If they are not doing so within a reasonable time, the IC should consider ____ ____ ____ of the building before the _____ or _____ ______ _____ and fire fighters are injured.p.282

If the search and rescue group finds stairs in a one-story building, they should ____ ____ _____ and then cautiously proceed with the search. For safety reasons, they should consider that the loft may not have been built to code and could ______ without warning.

p.282

In strip mall construction the potential for fire to spread throughout the structure via _____ and _____ _____ is too great.

p.282

Adjoining occupancies are also considered to be exposures and fire fighters should take appropriate actions to protect them. Actions include:

Strip centers/strip malls often have open attic spaces that run horizontally over several businesses, if not the entire structure. This allows fire to run _______ ________.

 p.282

If fire is already overhead and extinguishing attempts are having no effect, fire fighters should ____ _____ and ___ _____ exposure and repeat the same actions.

p.282

Fire fighters should gain access to the occupancies adjacent to the ___ ______. From inside, fire fighters should____ _____ ____, open walls, and check for any kind of _____ _____ occupancies.

p.282

Strip Mall

They should ven-tilate the adjacent structure and be mindful of ways in which fire can travel unnoticed, such as through ______.

p.282

Controlling fires in strip malls/strip centers requires a ___ ____ ______  operation, but only when it is safe to do so.


p.283

Strip Mall

Ventilation is a very important operation that must take place during initial operations. ______ ________ can be performed relatively quickly because the front or main entrance of these structures usually has large amounts of ____ that can be taken out.

.p.283

Strip Mall

To assist with horizontal ventilation, the implementa-tion of ____ _____ _____ is often useful.
 p.283

The opening used for the exit point should be at least  ____  times the size of the opening used to pressurize the structure.

p.283

Strip Mall

When choosing this PPV, several items must be considered before implementation: p.283

One other way to apply PPV in strip malls/strip centers is to pressurize the ______ _______ but not the store that is on fire. This approach may help to ____ ______ _____.

p.283

_______ could and should begin in the early stages of an incident, and it can begin with something as simple as not breaking that last window if there is no need.

p.284

The first, most obvious common construction feature of these structures is the large, open spaces within them.

An example of a large commercial structure that is in nearly every community is a _____ or  ________.

The ______ _______ , or relatively_____ ____ _____, was used to span the required distances in large commercial buildings.

p.284

Large Commercial Structures

The next common feature is the construction of the exterior ___ ____ _____.

.p.285

The main building materials used for load-bearing walls are:

Large Commercial Structures 

Many structures use ____ as the main construc-tion material throughout the floors, walls, and roofs. Basically, it serves as the skeleton of the building.

p.285

Large Commercial Structures 

The roof coverings of these structures are: Wood is rarely used to construct roofs in these structures.

p.285

In older large commercial structures, the roof assembly was typically a _____ ______, although some were made with ____ ____ _____ attached to the concrete-block bearing walls, which run the desired span.

Large Commercial Structures 

Like the prefabricated lightweight trusses of today, the _____ _____ roof assembly is made with wood, which significantly adds to the fire load and can potentially collapse rapidly.

p.286

Large Commercial Structures 


The ____ ____ roof is typically covered with a metal skin, which is topped with some form of______________.


p.286

Large Commercial Structures 

Another associated roof hazard is decorative _____ or  ______ used on or above roof level.

Large Commercial Structures 

These components are not designed for structural support; they are merely used for decorative pur-poses, so they often fail early under fire conditions.

p.286

Large Commercial Structures 

Parapets or banding are constructed with materials that range in phys-ical strength and durability, such as:
p.286

Large Commercial Structures 

Roof _____ is a factor in roof failures.

p.286

____ ____ add a significant amount of weight to the roof structure of older large commercial structures that were not designed to handle the weight. When the roof assembly is subjected to fire conditions, the ____ absorbs the heat and is more susceptible to collapse.p.287

Large Commercial Structures 

Many newer structures use ___ ______ as the base of the roof.

.p.287

Large Commercial Structures 

Concrete roofs must be _____ in some way to prevent them from cracking and falling down.

287

Large Commercial Structures 

These columns are often an ___ ___ encased in concrete.

Large Commercial Structures 

In addition, the walls in these structures typically have ___ _____,_____ _____, and other openings that allow fire spread, so efforts to locate and control these openings must be made.

p.287

Large Commercial Structures 

The next safety issue is the _____ ____.

p.288

Large Commercial Structures 

The term heavy timber  is exactly that; it was not uncommon to have a piece of timber that was ___ by ____. or larger as its outside dimensions. Although the typi-cal definition is considered to be ____ by ____., the larger dimension is common.

p.288

Large Commercial Structures 

______  tends to act as an insulator. With the fire charring or pyrolyzing the wood, the fire actually helps the structural supports withstand destruction for longer periods of time.

p.288

Large Commercial Structures 

A first step in ____ _______ should be to make contact with the store owner or manager and determine whether anyone is in the building. If so, try to determine the person’s likely location and initially ___ _____ _____ in that area.

p.288

Large Commercial Structures 
Confinement and Extinguishment

There is often need for numer-ous hose lines to be operating—great care must be used to avoid _____ _____. The first line should be placed between the _____ and ______, whether that is a hallway or a stairway. Backup lines are necessary to ensure adequate flow and to cover ___ _____.

p.289

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures
Examples of this type of commercial structure are:

.p.290

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures

Although two- and three-story commercial structures do not necessarily have ____ ____ ____, many do.

p.290

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures

In office-type structures, the roof is often sup-ported in ___ _____.

p.290

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures

The roofs of these structures are typi-cally ___, made with a ___ _____, insulation, ___ and _____, but in older structures the main com-ponent of the roof is____.

p.290

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures

Most of the older structures typically used _______ and or _______ as the exterior walls’ structural material, whereas newer structures (those that have been constructed in the last few decades) have exterior walls made of large ______ ______ that are cast on or off the site with ____utilized to tie them together and support them vertically.

p.291

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures

Another common construction feature is the flooring. The most common type of floor is _______.

p.291

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures

Possible vertical openings include:

p.291

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures

On the roofs of two- and three-story commercial structures, fire fighters must continually be aware of heavy _____ _____ _____ and _____.

p.291

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures
 taxpayer

A big concern with this type is the ___ ____ ___ that run horizontally over the structure. These structures rarely have any ___ ____ ____, allowing the fire to run unchecked horizontally. Attic spaces in the taxpayer structures are often used by occupants for __ ____ ____, thus increasing the already high probability of rapid fire spread.

p.292

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures taxpayer


If the structure happens to have a fire wall, it will be run up to, but not through, the ____. Because the roof assemblies and roof decks are mostly made of____, the fire may eas-ily extend to the other areas of the roof through ____ ___ or fire brands.

In this type of construction method, the wood sizes used are typically larger than the ___ ____ ___ sizes typically used today, and they are secured using ____ and ___ rather than a gusset plate, making them more stable.

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures 
Exposure Protection

 
The immediate exposures are usually the floor just ___ ___ ____ or ___ _____ or hallways of the fire occupancy. The exposure in the most immediate danger depends mostly on the  ____ _____.


P.293

Two- or Three-Story Commercial Structures 
Extinguishment

The way to prevent autoexposure is to ____ _____ _____ on the exterior of the structure ____ ____ ____ _____ and attempting to spread vertically.

p.293

Stand-Alone Commercial Occupancies

Examples of this type of occupancy are:  structures that stand alone and are not part of another structure

p.294

Stand-alone commercial occupancies are typically built using _____ _____. These structures were originally built using ____. In recent decades, ____, ____ and ____have also been used, although using wood is still common.

p.294

The walls of these structures are typically constructed using concrete block, but wood with a brick façade may also be used. They may also be constructed using precast concrete,

p.294

Stand-Alone Commercial Occupancies

The floors are usually _____, although they may also be____, especially if there is a basement.

p.294

The small stand-alone building can be a ___ ___ for fire fighters.

p.295

Stand-Alone Commercial Occupancies

_____ ______ and ____ ____lines may be required to ensure that fire fighters are not disoriented inside structures that have many: 

p.295

Stand-Alone Commercial Occupancies

The heavy fire loads common in these structures create a lot of _____ ____.p.295

Stand-Alone Commercial Occupancies

A ______ and ______ _____ attack often controls the situation. Advance lines that are capable of flows of at least _____ . Because a drop ceiling can hide and contain a fire, ______ may occur when a portion of the ceiling is opened

.p.295

Stand-Alone Commercial Occupancies

Ventilation can be accomplished quickly in these small structures by using the____ method.

p.29