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amanda430
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What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
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Why is the brain grey?
lacks myelin
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What/where is the broca?
- motor speech area of brain
- anterior
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What/Where is the wernikes?
- speech comprehension
- posterior
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What does the precentral gyrus control?
Voluntary movement
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What does the postcentral gyrus control?
sensory
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What is the Frontal lobe responsible for?
- personality
- behavior
- emotion
- intellectual function
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What is the Occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision reception
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What is the Temporal lobe responsible for?
Primary Auditory Reception
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What is the basal ganglia responsible for?
- automatic associated movements
- like arms swinging while walking
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What is the thalamus responsible for?
sensory pathways on way to cortex
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What is the cerebellum responsible for?
voluntary movements
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What makes up the brain stem?
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What is the hypothalamus?
The body's regulator
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What side of the body does the Left cerebral cortex control?
- Right side of body
- The cerebral cortex controls the opposite side of the body
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What is the corticospinal pathway and what is the extraparametal tract?
- Cortex to spinal column
- Everything else
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What is the corticospinal tract responsible for?
voluntary movements (skilled)
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What is extraparametal tract responsible for?
- gross muscle movements
- ex. walking
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What is the Cerebellar System responsible for?
posture, movement, equillibrium
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What does the spinothalmatic sense?
- pain
- temp
- crude/light touch
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What does the dorsal column sense?
- position, vibration, localized touch
- proprioception, vibratory, graphesthesia/sterogenosis
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Why is pain in the heart, spleen and liver always referred?
They have no spot in brain for pain
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Where are the Upper Motor Neurons located?
the CNS
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Where are the lower motor neurons located?
PNS
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What are cranial nerves part of?
CNS or PNS?
PNS
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How many spinal nerve pairs are there?
31
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Where are the afferent nerves?
Posterior
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Where are the efferent nerves
Anterior to the spinal column
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What is a dermatome?
skin that is supplied from a spinal cord segment
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What are the 5 things that need to be intact for a reflex?
- intact afferent nerve
- functional synapse
- intact efferent nerve
- intact neuromuscular junction
- the muscle
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What do afferent nerves do?
carry sensations from body to brain
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What do efferent nerves do?
carry messages back to body
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Describe the function of CN VII
- Facial
- Anterior of tongue (taste)
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Describe the function of CN IX
- Glossopharyngeal
- Posterior tongue (taste)
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What spinal nerves innervate the knee?
L 2,3,4
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What spinal nerves innervate the brachioradials?
C5,C6
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What spinal nerves innervate the tricep?
C6 and C7
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What are familial tremors relieved by?
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What is the most important thing about the neuro test to look for?
Symmetry
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What are the 7 components of the neuro exam?
- Mental Status (Speech and Language)
- CN
- Motor System
- Coordination
- Rhomberg/Gait
- Reflexes
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Define lethargy
appears drowsy, but is responsive
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Describe obtundation
lethargic, responds slowly, somewhat confused
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Describe stupor
arouses only after painful stimuli
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Describe a coma state
non-responsive
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What is ptosis? What CN is it associated with?
- drooping of one eye lid
- III
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What could hesitancies in language be attributed to?
aphasia from stroke
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Define aphasia
difficulty speaking
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What could monotone inflections in language be attributed to?
- Schizophrenia
- Major Depression
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What is circumlocutions?
phrases are substituted for words
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What are paraphasias?
words are malformed, wrong or invented
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Describe Bell's Palsy
- whole face is affected
- Nerve is affected below pons
- Peripheral problem
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Describe a stroke
- half of face is affected
- nerve is affected above pons
- CNS problem
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Which is greater?
Air conduction or Bone conduction
Air conduction
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Which side will the tongue deviate to if there's something wrong with CN XII?
Towards or away from affected side?
Towards the affected side
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Describe a normal tone
even resistance to passive stretch
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Describe flaccid
decreased muscle tone
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Describe spastic in relation to tone
- increased tone
- increased resistance to passive stretch
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Describe rigid in relation to tone
constant state of resistance
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Define fasciculation
rapid continuous twitching of a resting muscle
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Describe tic
normal movement of muscle groups that occurs involuntarily or inappropriately
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Define Clonus
During Achilles Reflex, the foot oscillates
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Define cephalocaudal in relation to babies
babies develop from head to toes
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What shape is a baby's spine?
C
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What is lordotic?
baby's belly is pushed forward as well as lumbar spine
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When do women stop growing?
2 years post menarche
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Define the barlow maneuver
- adduct hip in a baby
- Positive sign: hip goes out of socket
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Define the Ortolani maneuver in infants
- abduct thighs and push downward
- Positive sign: you'll hear a "clunk"
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Describe a trendelenburg gait
opposite side of affected hip drops and person walks with one hip higher than the other
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Define collateral
opposite side
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Define Genum varum
When is it normal?
- Bowlegged
- Until 2.5 or 3 y/o
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Describe Genum Valgum
When is it normal?
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What are 3 causes of intoeing in an infant?
- femoral anteversion (from hip)
- Tibial Tortion
- Metatarsus adductus
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When does the palmar grasp disappear?
2m
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When does the placing/stepping reflex disappear?
2m-4m
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When does the rooting/sucking reflex disappear?
3m-4m
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When does the Moro reflex disappear?
3m-6m
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When does the tonic neck reflex disappear?
7m-8m
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When does Babinski reflex disappear
- ~12m
- when the baby starts walking
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When does the plantar reflex disappear?
8m-10m
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