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Omurbek
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Truncus arteriosus gives rise to
Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Bulbus cordis GIvES RISE TO
Smooth parts (out社ow tract) of left and right ventricles
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Primitive atrium GIvES RISE TO
Trabeculated part of left and right atria
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Primitive ventricle GIvES RISE TO
Trabeculated part of left and right ventricles
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Primitive pulmonary vein GIvES RISE TO
Smooth part of left atrium
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Left horn of sinus venosus GIvES RISE TO
Coronary sinus
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Right horn of sinus venosus GIvES RISE TO
Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum)
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Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein GIvES RISE TO
Superior vena cava (SVC)
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First functional organ in vertebrate embryos
Heart morphogenesis
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Heart beats spontaneously by week -- of development
4
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Cardiac looping
- Primary heart tube loops to establish left-right polarity;
- begins in week 4 of gestation.
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Defect in left-right dynein (involved in L/R asymmetry) can lead to dextrocardia, as seen in ----- syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia).
Kartagener syndrome (primary ciliary dyskinesia).
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Ventricular septal defect (VSD)—most commonly occurs in the --- septum
membranous septum.
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Outflow tract formation
Truncus arteriosus rotates; neural crest and endocardial cell migrations * truncal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form aorticopulmonary septum * ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk.
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Outflow tract formation. Conotruncal abnormalities
- Transposition of great vessels.
- Tetralogy of Fallot.
- Persistent truncus arteriosus.
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Valve development Aortic/pulmonary: derived from
endocardial cushions of outfow tract.
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Valve development Mitral/tricuspid: derived from
fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal.
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Valvular anomalies may be stenotic, ---
stenotic, regurgitant, atretic (e.g., tricuspid atresia), or displaced (e.g., Ebstein anomaly).
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Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in:
- Yolk sac (3–8 weeks)
- Liver (6 weeks–birth)
- Spleen (10–28 weeks)
- Bone marrow (18 weeks to adult)
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Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in: Yolk sac (--weeks)
3-8
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Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in: Liver
6 weeks - birth
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Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in: Spleen (-- weeks)
10-28 weeks
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Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in: Bone marrow (---weeks)
18 weeks to adult
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Hemoglobin development shot
Alpha Always; Gamma Goes, Becomes Beta.
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Embryonic globins
ζ and ε.
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Adult hemoglobin (HbA1) =
α2β2.
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Blood in umbilical vein has a Po2 of ≈ -- mmHg and is ≈ -- % saturated with O2.
- Po2 of ≈ 30 mmHg
- ≈ 80% saturated with O2.
- Umbilical arteries have low O2 saturation.
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Fetal circulation. 3 important shunts:
- ductus venosus
- foramen ovale
- patent ductus arteriosus
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At birth, infant takes a breath / --- / ; foramen ovale closes (now called fossa ovalis);
dec resistance in pulmonary vasculature * inc left atrial pressure vs. right atrial pressure
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At birth, infant takes a breath; --- * closure of ductus arteriosus.
inc in O2 (from respiration) and dec in prostaglandins (from placental separation)
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--- helps close PDA
indomethacin
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remnant of ductus arteriosus
ligamentum arteriosum
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Prostaglandins E1 and E2 * ---
kEEp PDA open.
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Fetal-postnatal derivatives
nucleus pulposus
notochord
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Fetal-postnatal derivatives
umbilical arteries
medial umbilical ligaments
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Fetal-postnatal derivatives
median umbilical ligament
allantois * urachus
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Fetal-postnatal derivatives
umbilical vien
- ligamentum teres hepatis
- contains in falciform ligament
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Urachus is part of --- duct between --- and ---
Urachus is part of allantoic duct between bladder and umbilicus.
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Right-dominant circulation = -- %, left = --%, codominant = --%
Right-dominant circulation = 85% = PDA arises from RCA.Left-dominant circulation = 8% = PDA arises from LCX.Codominant circulation = 7% = PDA arises from both LCX and RCA.
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Coronary artery occlusion most commonly occurs in the ---
LAD.
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Coronary blood flow peaks in
early diastole
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