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Mawad
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What are 2 names for the posterior pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis, pars nervosa
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What are 2 names for the anterior pituitary gland?
adenohypophysis, pars distalis
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What is one example of a positive feedback loop?
parturition-oxytocin
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increase in blood osmolality stimulates osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus--> increase in circulating ________--> increase in ___________--> increases _______ --> decrease in _______--> negative feedback
vasopressin; permeability of kidney collecting ducts; water resorption in the kidneys; blood osmolarity
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The connection b/w the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary is _________; it is called the _________.
neural; hypothalamohypophyseal tract
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The connection b/w the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary is ________, and __________ arise from the _________.
vascular; portal vessels; median eminence
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The portal vessels b/w the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary are outside the __________.
blood-brain barrier
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Long neurons of some hypothalamic nuclei produce hormones that are released from the ___________; the hormones produced by long neurons are...
posterior pituitary; oxytocin and ADH (antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
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Oxytocin is produced in the ________ nucleus.
paraventricular
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ADH (vasopressin) is produced in the ________ nucleus.
supraoptic
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Short neurons of some hypothalamic nuclei end in the __________.
median eminence
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The ___________ contains the first capillary bed of the hypothalamic/hypophyseal system.
median eminence
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What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
temperature regulation, neuroendocrine control, appetitive behavior, defensive reactions, control of body rhythms
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Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that promotes growth hormone release.
growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
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Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibits growth hormone and TSH release.
somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone-GHIH)
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Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that inhibits PRL (prolactin) release.
dopamine
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Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that promotes FSH and LH release.
gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
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Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that promotes ACTH release.
corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
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Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that promotes TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) and PRL release.
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
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__________ of __________ inhibit hypothalamic release of hypothalamic hormones.
Short-loop feedback system; pituitary hormones
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The portal system transports a group of hypothalamic hormones that are synthesized within cell bodies of specific nuclei and released at the ends of the _________.
short neural axons
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Hormones released from short neural axons first enter the __________ and are moved to the __________, where they enter the _________; then, they exit the blood and bathe the ________, regulating the __________ from the _________.
first bed of the portal system; adenohypophysis; second bed of the portal system; cells of the anterior pituitary; release of hormones; adenohypophysis
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What is the primary stimulus of thirst?
plasma osmolality increase
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What are the stimuli for secretion of oxytocin?
mammary gland stimulation, cervical stimulation
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What are the effects of oxytocin? (4)
milk letdown, uterine contraction, role in luteolysis, increases bonding b/w conspecifics
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Uterine contraction is stimulated by _________, enhanced by _________, and inhibited by _________.
oxytocin; estrogen tone; progesterone
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Vasopressin =
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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What are the 3 types of receptors that bind vasopressin?
V1A, V1B (vasoconstriction); V2 (regulates water loss)
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What are the effects of vasopressin? (5)
increase BP, increase permeability of renal collecting duct to water, increase renal water absorption, concentrates urine, decreases osmolality of body fluids
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What happens when vasopressin (ADH) is absent?
dehydration, PU/PD
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With what disorder does the pituitary fail to produce vasopressin?
diabetes insipidus
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What test do you use to diagnose diabetes insipidus?
water deprivation test
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What 6 hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?
ACTH, TSH, GH, FSH, LH, PRL
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Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones.
releasing hormones
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Releasing hormones are highing in conc in the _________.
hypophysial portal blood
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Releasing hormones are released from the ___________.
median eminence
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What are the primary effects of GnRH?
stimulates FSH and LH secretion
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What are the primary effects of TRH?
stimulates prolactin and TSH release
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What are the primary effects of somatostatin?
inhibits TSH and GH release
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What are the primary effects of CRH?
stimulates secretion of ACTH and beta-lipotropin
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7 releasing hormones.
CRH, TRH, GRH, somatostatin/GIH, GnRH, PIH, PRH(?)
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What are the signs of hypothalamic disease?
neurologic deficits- eye signs, headache, vomiting, sleepiness, seizures; endocrine changes- precocious puberty, hypogonadism, diabetes insipidus; metabolic abnormalities- hyperphagia, obesity, hyperthermia
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