emergency med

• 50-70% of total body weight
• Average M>F
• Lean muscle contains h20>adipose
• Deceases w/ age

• Transport nutrients, gases and waste in/out cells
• Eliminate wastes
• Regulate body temp

• Approx. 40% body weight
• High in K, Mg
• Low Na, Cl

• 20% tbw
• Low K,MG
• High Na Cl

• Interstitial fluid
• Plasma
• Fluid of bone and connective tissue
• Transcellular fluid

• High ICF
• Low ECF

• ECF
• LOW PROTEIN LEVEL
• “Fluid that fills the cracks”
• Approximately 10.5L
• It is the link between the intracellular fluid and intravascular space
• Oxygen, nutrients, wastes and chemical messengers all pass through
• Has the same compositional characteristics of ECF
• Lymph

• HIGH PROTEIN CONTENT
• CONTAINS RED AND WHITE CELLS
• ONLY major fluid that exists as real collection all in 1 location
• Plasma
• High bulk flow

Mobilized very slowly

• Body fluids formed from transport activities of cells
• w/in epithelial lined spaces
• csf, urine, aqueous humor
• joint fluid

• Replace volume losses
• Protect organs from hypoperfusion injuries
• Maintain osmolarity
• Maintain acid-base and electrolyte balance

• Contain large molecules that do NOT pass through semipermeable membranes
• remain in the intravascular space
• expand the intravascular volume
• draw fluid in via their higher oncotic pressure

• Contain small molecules that flow easily across semipermeable membranes
• allowing for transfer from the blood stream into the cells and body tissues
• Increases fluid in BOTH interstitial and intravascular space
• Approximately 25% remains in the intravascular space 1hr after administration

describes the solute concentration in body fluid by particles per Kilogram (# mOsm/Kg)

• describes the solute concentration in body fluid by particles per Liter (# mOsm/L)
• - Normal 270-300 mOsm/L or Kg

• when a fluid is fairly EQUIVALENT in particle concentration to normal plasma osmolarity
• (270-300 mOsm/L)
• Osmotic pressure is constant on both inside and outside of cells
• fluid in each compartment remains the same (No shift occurs)
• Fluid does not move into the intracellular space
• remains in the extracellular space (intravascular and interstitial)
• Examples: 0.9% Normal Saline (0.9 NS), Lactated Ringers (LR), Ringer’s and 5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)

when a fluid is LESS concentrated than normal plasma osmolarity(<270 mOsm/L)

when a fluid is MORE concentrated than normal plasma osmolarity (>300 mOsm/L)

• - Basically salt water, it contains 154 mEq/L of Na and Cl; isotonic
• - Increases the volume of the extracellular space
• - FLUID OF CHOICE FOR RESUCSCITATION EFFORTS
• - ONLY fluid that can be administered with blood products in the same line

• very good for replacing fluid volume deficit from
• hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea,
• heavy drainage from GI suction/fistulas/ostomies,
• draining wounds, shock, mild hyponatremia,
• hypercalcemia and fluid challenge

• in your fragile patients such as the elderly
• cardiac and renal disease as there is potential for volume overload

• The MOST physiologically adaptable fluid
• it’s electrolyte content is most closely related to the composition of the body’s blood plasma
• metabolized in the liver which converts the lactate to bicarb (Alkalizing solution)

130 mEq/L Na, 109 mEq/L Cl, 4 mEq/L K, 3 mEq/L Ca

• another first choice for fluid resuscitation,
• similar clinical situations as 0.9% NS
• also used pre/post op, metabolic acidosis

• patient’s with liver disease or renal disease
• HOLD if pH is >7.5

• - Similar in make up to LR however doesn’t have the lactate therefore it doesn’t have the same liver contraindications
• - Not an alkalizing agent, no pH restriction

• Basically sugar water, contains 170 calories/L and no electrolytes
• Isotonic or Hypotonic…
• Provides “Free Water”
• Expands BOTH intracellular and extracellular compartments at the same time
• Good for hypernatremia, most often used as a maintenance fluid
• Although it does supply some calories, it’s not enough for prolonged use

• treat fluid water deficit
• 1. dilutes plasma electrolyte concentration
• 2. it won’t stay in the intravascular space

• In early post op because the body’s reaction to the surgical stress may cause an increase in ADH
• In patients with known or suspected increased intracranial pressure (ICP) due to it’s hypotonic properties following metabolism

• unbound water molecules small enough to pass through membrane pores to the intracellular space
• provided by D5W and hypotonic fluids

• Patients can quickly develop hypervolemia following rapid or over infusion of isotonic fluids.
• Be MINDFUL!!!
• Monitor – Vitals, PE , Labs, I&O’s

• Lower concentration or tonicity of solutes
• Osmolarity <250 mOsm/L
• Infusion causes a DECREASE in serum osmolarity within the vascular space
• Fluid will shift from the intravascular space to BOTH the intracellular and interstitial compartments.
• “Cell Hydration”
• BE AWARE the fluid WILL shift which can deplete the fluid within the circulatory system, worsening hypotension and causing circulatory collapse
• Examples: 0.45% NS, 0.2% NS, 0.33% NS, 2.5% Dextrose in Water

• Provide free water, NaCl, and replace natural fluid loss
• Assist with maintaining daily body fluids and electrolytes
• Help Kidneys excrete excess fluids and electrolytes
• Usually used during conditions that cause intracellular dehydration (DKA, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state)
• NEVER GIVE: patients at risk for increased ICP or to trauma or burn victims

• Higher tonicity/solution concentration causing an unequal pressure gradient between the inside and outside of cells
• Draws fluid OUT of the intracellular space therefore increasing extracellular fluid volume
• “Volume Expanders” – increases BP
• Reduces interstitial and endothelial edema
• Osmolarity >375 mOsm/L
• Examples: 3% NS, 5% NS, D10W, D20W, D50W

• Moderate to severe Hyponatremia,
• patient’s with cerebral edema

provides free water and calories (340 calories/L)

acts as an osmotic diuretic

• highly concentrated sugar water
• given rapidly via IV bolus to treat severe hypoglycemia

• Maintain vigilance
• potential for causing intravascular volume overload and pulmonary edema.
• GO SLOW
• Prescription for their use should include:
• why administering, total volume to be infused, rate of infusion, stop time
• Also you can always add Dextrose to other solutions to get benefit of calories plus electrolytes, with addition the solution will be made slightly hypertonic

• Contain molecules too large to pass through semipermeable membranes
• Volume Expanders - they draw fluid from the interstitial space into the intravascular compartment
• Similar to hypertonic solutions
• require administration of LESS total volume
• their effects last LONGER compared to crystalloids
• Examples: Albumin, Dextran, Hetastarch

• Most commonly used colloid solution
• Contains plasma protein fractions obtained from human plasma
• Works to rapidly expand the plasma volume
• Expensive
• BLOOD product so has same protocols and risks with administration

this draws out 4x its volume from the interstitial fluid into the intravascular compartment in 15 min!

• Patient’s with hypoproteinemia/malnourished,
• patient’s who require intravascular volume expansion and cannot tolerate large infusions of crystalloids,
• shock, post surgery – especially ortho/reconstructive surgery

• Dextran
• Hetastarch/6% hespan

• 1. Available in saline or glucose preparations
• 2. Can INTERFERE with blood typing

• 1. Contains some Na and Cl
• 2. LESS expensive than albumin
• 3. Effects last 24-36hrs

• Colloids: Last Tidbits
• Need an 18G IV to infuse
• Colloid solutions can interfere with platelet function, increasing bleeding times. Monitor patient’s coagulation indexes
• Monitor closely for intravascular volume overload

loss that can be measured, loss from the GI and GU tract.

cannot be measured, loss from skin and lungs

• Most of your patient’s will present with some degree of dehydration
• Red Flags: vomiting, diarrhea, fever, anorexia, AMS and decreased urine output
• Tachycardia and Hypotension are LATE findings
• Lab values are usually not reliable indicators

• calculated based on number of Hrs NPO
• Hrs NPO x (60 +weight in kg - 20) ml = Fluid deficit

• 60ml + (weight in kg -20) ml = Fluids/Hr
• OR
• 4-2-1 Rule
• 4ml/kg/hr for first 10kg
• 2ml/kg/hr for next 10kg
• 1ml/kg/hr therafter

use the 100-50-20 Rule

• Calculate for their IDEAL body weight.
• Men: 106 + 6lbs for every inch over 60 in (5ft)
• Women: 100 + 5lbs for every inch over 60 in (5ft)

• UOP 30-50 ml/hr or 0.5/kg/hr
• CVP 8-12 mmHg
• MAP >65 mm Hg
• ScVO2 >70%

• Central venous monitoring
• Volume resuscitation
• Cardiac arrest
• Lack of peripheral access
• Infusion of concentrated solutions/vasopressors
• Chemotherapy,
• epinephrine, dopamine, norepinephrine, vasopressin
• Placement of transcutaneous pacemaker
• Hemodialysis

• Anticoagulated/Bleeding disorderso
• Combative patients
• Distorted anatomy-US may help with this
• Cellulitis/Burns/Vasculitis at site

• Air embolus
• Arterial entry
• Hematoma & Blood clot
• Infection
• Dysrhythmias-can cause V tach with IJ placement
• Nerve injury
• Pneumothorax/Hemathorax
• Bowel or bladder perforation

• Delayed, wrong, missed entirely
• 1 in 10 wrong
• 40-80K deaths US yrly
• Leading cause of med malpractice

• Inaccurate assessment of hx and PE
• Wrong interpretation of dx test
• Overreliance on clinical axiom
• Cognitive biases

• Locking on to salient features in pts initial presentation
• Failing to adjust in light of later info

Judging things to be more likely if they readily come to mind

Looking for evidence to support dx rather than looking for evidence to rebut it

Allowing dx labe that has been attached to pt to gather steam ->wrongful exclusion

Believing we know more than we do and acting on incomplete data

Accepting a diagnosis before it is fully verified

Calling off the search once something is found

• Idiopathinc/psych
• Vascular
• Infectious or inflammatory
• Neoplastic
• Degenerative
• Iatrogenci ( drug/toxin)
• Congenital
• Allergic/autoimmune
• Trauma
• Endocrine/metabolic