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Hierarchy of cellular organization
- Cell division and growth: from a fertilized egg
- Cell differentiation into specialized cell types
- Specialized cell types: Epithelial cell, Connective tissue cell, Neuron, and Muscle cell
- Tissues comprised of specialized cell types: Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue, and Muscle tissue
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Generic cell anatomy, what comprises the cell?
- Plasma membrane
- Rough endoplasmic reticulum
- Ribosomes free and bound to the rough ER
- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
- Mitochondrion
- Microfilaments
- Microtubule
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Nuclear pore
- Nuclear envelope
- Vault
- Peroxisome
- Secretory vesicle
- Lysosome
- Centrioles
- Endosome
- Golgi apparatus
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Function of membranes include:
- A selective barrier to the passage of molecules
- Detecting chemical signals from other cells (though membrane proteins)
- Anchoring cells to adjacent cells and to the extracellular matrix of connective-tissue proteins (though membrane associated proteins)
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Membrane structure, what is it composed of?
- Proteins
- Phospholipid bilayer (fatty acids and polar regions)
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What is the cytoskeleton and what processes is it associated with?
The cytoskeleton is a filamentous network that is associated with processes that maintain and change cell shape and produce cell movements.
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Molecular constituents of cells
- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
- Lipids: fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids
- Proteins: amino acid subunits and polypeptides
- Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
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What are lipids mainly composed of? (on a molecular level)
hydrogen and carbon atoms
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Why do lipids have low solubility in water?
The carbon and hydrogen atoms are linked by nonpolar covalent bonds --> lipids are nonpolar --> hydrophobic
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Three reasons that lipids are important in physiology?
- Some provide a valuable source of energy
- Some are a major component of all cellular membranes
- Some are important signaling molecules
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What percentage of the organic material in the body do proteins account for?
50% - 17% of the body weight
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What are proteins composed of?
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Sulfur (small amounts)
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