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organic compaunds
CONTAIN CARBON! are covalently bonded and are often large
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inorganic compounds
DONT contain carbon
ak.water, salts, and many bases and acids
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important properties of water
high heat capacity (it takes a lot of heat before changing temp)
polar solvent properties (dissolves polar molecules)
reactivity( reactions in hydrolysis& dehydration
cushioning(protects body
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acids
any substance that INCREASES the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (adds hydrogen)
GIVES PROTONS
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bases
any substance that REDUCES the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (less hydrogen)
RECEIVE PROTONS
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acids release____ therefore are ____donors
hydrogen, proton
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bases release___ and are proton____
HO-, acceptors
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acidic solutions have_____ concentration and therefore have a ___ pH level
higher H+, lower
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alkiline solutions have_____ concentration and therefore have a ___ pH level
lower H+, higher
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neutral solutions
they have equal h+ and OH- concentrations
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buffers
protect the pH levels. they try to keep it close to 7
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carbon has how man valence electrons?
4
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biomolecules (organic compounds)
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
nucleic acids
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3 classes of polymers
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- nucleic acids
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dehydration synthesis
- forms polymers
- requires the input of energy (endorganic)
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hydrolysis
- breaks polymers
- releases energy (exorganic)
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carbohydrates contain?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
it's major function is to supply a source of cellular food (energy)
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carbohydrates monomers? and what can they be used for?
- monosaccharides(simple sugars)
- can be use directly by cells as fuel
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polysaccharides
energy storage
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lipids contain what?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (but the oxygen proportions in lipids is less than in carbohydrates
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who are hydrophobic? and what does that mean?
lipids, they dont like water
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examples of lipids
- triglycerides.
- phospholipids
- steroids
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 what are lipids composed of?
3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule
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what are phospholipids composed of?
modified triglycerides with 2 fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group
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phospholipids make most what?
- membranes
- they have a polar head and a non polar tail
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what are steroids composed of?
flat molecules with four inter locking hydrocarbon rings
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what the difference between saturated fat and unsaturated fat?
saturated- packs up tightly and clogs up arteries easily
unsaturated- less tight
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fatty acids?
saturated/unsaturated fats
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lipids found in body
- neutral fats-under skin
- phospholipids- cell membranes
- steroid-
- lipoproteins- transport fatty acids and chloesterol in the bloodstream
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amino acid contains
building block pf proteins
amino acid, a corboxyl group and a (R group)
they form peptide bonds
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protein chain
amino acids- peptide-polypeptide-protein
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primary structure
chain of amino acids
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secondary structure
folds and sheets
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tetiary structure
3D structure
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carbohydrate chain
monocaccharide- polysaccharide
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nucleic acid chain
nucleotide- DNA/RNA
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what does the sequence of an amino acid chain do?
determines how the protein will fold and therefore how it functions
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what is sickle-cell disease?
a single amino acid substitution in the protein (#6) it makes hemoglobin go wrong and it doesnt carry as much oxygen through the blood
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fibrous proteins
extended and strandlike proteins
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globular proteins
spherical proteins
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enzymes
they act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions (they are not consumed during chemical reactions so they just cycle)
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skeleton of a protein
micro-filament
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membrane receptor and cell signaling
hormones that bind to channel& and activates signaling pathways
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motor molecules
little legs on cells that make them move
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enzymes...
lower activation energy
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substrate
what goes into the enzyme that is going to catalized
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denaturation
a cell coming apart( unfolding)
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renaturation
a cell coming back together (from unfolding)
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what can cause denaturation?
change in temperature or change in pH levels (it can be reversed)
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what are nucleic acids composed of?
C,H,O,N, and P
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what is a nucleic acid's structureal unit?
nucleotide
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polymerization?
the process of making polymers
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DNA is the one that only contains?
thymine
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RNA is the only one that contains?
uracil
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genes do what?
program the amino acid to sequence of polypeptides(proteins)
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DNA is ___ into ___ which are ___
copied, RNA, nucleic acids in actions
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