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apvg1997
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organic compunds
contain carbon, covalently bonded, and often large
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inorganic compunds
do not contain carbon
ex. water, salts, and many acids and bases
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important properties of water
high heat capacity, polar solvent properties, reactivity(important in hydrolysis and dehydration, cushioning (protects body)
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salts
- typically inorganic
- contain cations other than h+ and anions other than OH-
- and are electrolytes(they conduct electricity
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acid
any substance that INCREASES the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (give protons)
they release H+
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base
any substance that REDUCES hydrogen ion concentration (take protons)
release OH-
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the more protons the____
lower the pH
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neutral solutions have what?
equal H+ and OH- concentrations
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buffer
a substance that minimizes the changes in concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a s solutions.
they protect pH levels
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Biomolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
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biomolecules is also known as what?
polymer/ macromolecule
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dehydration synthesis
forms polymers and takes water out and inputs energy
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hydrolosys
breaks down polymers by putting water and releasing the energy
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carbohydrates contain what?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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what is a carbohydrates main purpose?
to supply a source of cellular food (energy)
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what is the carbohydrate's monomer?
monosaccharide
they are used directly by cells as fuel
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monosaccharides are used as an _____ and polysaccharides are used as___
energy source, energy storage
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lipids
contain C,H, and O, but the proportions of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates
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lipids are_____
hydrophbic
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types of lipids
triglycerides, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, steroids
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what are lipids composed of?
3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule (triglyceride) 
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- phospholipids
 makes most cell membranes- they are a modified trygliceride with 2 fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group
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the have a polar head(likes water) and a non polar tail(doestn like water)
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steroid
flat molecules with 4 interlocking hydrogen rings
cell signaling& growth and development
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whats the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
saturated packs up tightly and clogs up arteries easily
unsaturated are less tight and leave room for blood to flow through
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amino acid
- building blocks for proteins
- each contain and amino acid group and a carboxyl group
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what are macromolecules (proteins) composed of?
combinations of 20 types of amino acids
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a bunch of amino acids together are?
peptide bonds
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primary protein structure
a chain of amino acids
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secondary protein structure
sheets of amino acids
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tertiary protein structure
3D
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what determines how the proteins will fold?
the sequence of amino acids
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quaternary protein structure
separate polypeptides(proteins) chains linked together in a specific maner
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sickle-cell disease
one protein goes wrong (hemoglobin) and now it cant carry as much oxygen
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fibrous proteins
- extended and strandlike
- connect things
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globular proteins
hormones and enzymes
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enzymes
type of protein that acts like a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions by lower the activation energy
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micro-filament?
skeleton (made of proteins) of a cell
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membrane receptor
hormone binds to channel& activates signaling pathways that make reactions happen
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motor molecules
little legs on cells (thats how the move around )
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cofactor
nonprotein "helper" molecule
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substrate
what goes into the enzyme
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denaturation
a cell comes a part
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renaturation
when the cell comes back together
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protein denaturation
unfolding of a protein due to drops in pH and/ or increased temperature
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nucleic acids
composed of C,H, O,N, and P
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polymerization
process of making polymers
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DNA is the one that only contains
thymine
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RNA is the one that only contains
uracil
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genes
program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides
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DNA is ____ into____ which are nucleic acids in action
copied, RNA
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what does DNA do??
provides instructions for protein synthesis
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cell theory
cells are alive and are the basic unit of organisms
all organisms are composed of cells
cells only come from pre-existing cells
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what does the plasma membrane do?
separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
it is a hydrophobic barrier
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glycocalyx
highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another
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functions of membrane proteins
- transport
- enzymatic activity
- receptors for signal traduction
- intercellular adhesion(sticking 2gether)
- cell-cell recognition
- attachment to cytoskeleton
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intergrin
protein that goes through the membrane
(channel)
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diffusion
movement from high area of concentration to areas of low concentration
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simple diffusion
move directly thorough the membrane
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facilitated diffusion
stuff moves with the help
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active transport
when things move through the membrane and energy is required
requires carrier proteins
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primary active transport
hydrolysis of ATP powers the transport
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secondary active transport
A (solute goes down) acuses B( solution to go up) and ATP is in B
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vesicular transport
transport of large particles across membranes
- exocytosis (moves out)
- endocytosis (moves in)
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phagocytosis
vesicular transport when solids come in/out of cell membrane
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pinocytosis
vesiscular transport when liquids come in?out of cell membranes
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
vesicular transport where little receptors that catch molecules and bring them into the cell
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signal transduction
the process of a signal from outside the cell to a functional change in the cell
membrane receptor triggers the activation of messengers and enzymes
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desmosome
anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cellsa nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
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tight junctions-impermeable junction that encircles the cell
desmosome- anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells
gap junction- a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
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