-
organic compunds
contain carbon, covalently bonded, and often large
-
inorganic compunds
do not contain carbon
ex. water, salts, and many acids and bases
-
important properties of water
high heat capacity, polar solvent properties, reactivity(important in hydrolysis and dehydration, cushioning (protects body)
-
salts
- typically inorganic
- contain cations other than h+ and anions other than OH-
- and are electrolytes(they conduct electricity
-
acid
any substance that INCREASES the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (give protons)
they release H+
-
base
any substance that REDUCES hydrogen ion concentration (take protons)
release OH-
-
the more protons the____
lower the pH
-
neutral solutions have what?
equal H+ and OH- concentrations
-
buffer
a substance that minimizes the changes in concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a s solutions.
they protect pH levels
-
Biomolecules
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
-
biomolecules is also known as what?
polymer/ macromolecule
-
dehydration synthesis
forms polymers and takes water out and inputs energy
-
hydrolosys
breaks down polymers by putting water and releasing the energy
-
carbohydrates contain what?
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-
what is a carbohydrates main purpose?
to supply a source of cellular food (energy)
-
what is the carbohydrate's monomer?
monosaccharide
they are used directly by cells as fuel
-
monosaccharides are used as an _____ and polysaccharides are used as___
energy source, energy storage
-
lipids
contain C,H, and O, but the proportions of oxygen in lipids is less than in carbohydrates
-
lipids are_____
hydrophbic
-
types of lipids
triglycerides, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, steroids
-
what are lipids composed of?
3 fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule (triglyceride) 
-
- phospholipids
- makes most cell membranes
- they are a modified trygliceride with 2 fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group
-
the have a polar head(likes water) and a non polar tail(doestn like water)
-
steroid
flat molecules with 4 interlocking hydrogen rings
cell signaling& growth and development
-
whats the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats?
saturated packs up tightly and clogs up arteries easily
unsaturated are less tight and leave room for blood to flow through
-
amino acid
- building blocks for proteins
- each contain and amino acid group and a carboxyl group
-
what are macromolecules (proteins) composed of?
combinations of 20 types of amino acids
-
a bunch of amino acids together are?
peptide bonds
-
primary protein structure
a chain of amino acids
-
secondary protein structure
sheets of amino acids
-
tertiary protein structure
3D
-
what determines how the proteins will fold?
the sequence of amino acids
-
quaternary protein structure
separate polypeptides(proteins) chains linked together in a specific maner
-
sickle-cell disease
one protein goes wrong (hemoglobin) and now it cant carry as much oxygen
-
fibrous proteins
- extended and strandlike
- connect things
-
globular proteins
hormones and enzymes
-
enzymes
type of protein that acts like a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions by lower the activation energy
-
micro-filament?
skeleton (made of proteins) of a cell
-
membrane receptor
hormone binds to channel& activates signaling pathways that make reactions happen
-
motor molecules
little legs on cells (thats how the move around )
-
cofactor
nonprotein "helper" molecule
-
substrate
what goes into the enzyme
-
denaturation
a cell comes a part
-
renaturation
when the cell comes back together
-
protein denaturation
unfolding of a protein due to drops in pH and/ or increased temperature
-
nucleic acids
composed of C,H, O,N, and P
-
polymerization
process of making polymers
-
DNA is the one that only contains
thymine
-
RNA is the one that only contains
uracil
-
genes
program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides
-
DNA is ____ into____ which are nucleic acids in action
copied, RNA
-
what does DNA do??
provides instructions for protein synthesis
-
cell theory
cells are alive and are the basic unit of organisms
all organisms are composed of cells
cells only come from pre-existing cells
-
what does the plasma membrane do?
separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
it is a hydrophobic barrier
-
glycocalyx
highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another
-
functions of membrane proteins
- transport
- enzymatic activity
- receptors for signal traduction
- intercellular adhesion(sticking 2gether)
- cell-cell recognition
- attachment to cytoskeleton
-
intergrin
protein that goes through the membrane
(channel)
-
diffusion
movement from high area of concentration to areas of low concentration
-
simple diffusion
move directly thorough the membrane
-
facilitated diffusion
stuff moves with the help
-
active transport
when things move through the membrane and energy is required
requires carrier proteins
-
primary active transport
hydrolysis of ATP powers the transport
-
secondary active transport
A (solute goes down) acuses B( solution to go up) and ATP is in B
-
vesicular transport
transport of large particles across membranes
- exocytosis (moves out)
- endocytosis (moves in)
-
phagocytosis
vesicular transport when solids come in/out of cell membrane
-
pinocytosis
vesiscular transport when liquids come in?out of cell membranes
-
receptor-mediated endocytosis
vesicular transport where little receptors that catch molecules and bring them into the cell
-
signal transduction
the process of a signal from outside the cell to a functional change in the cell
membrane receptor triggers the activation of messengers and enzymes
-
-
desmosome
anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cellsa nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
-
tight junctions-impermeable junction that encircles the cell
desmosome- anchoring junction scattered along the sides of cells
gap junction- a nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
|
|
