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Canine TPR
- T - 100.5-102.5
- P - 70-160
- R - 16-28
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Feline TPR
- T - 100.5-102.5
- P - 140-210
- R - 20-28
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Bovine TPR
- T - 100.4-102.5
- P - 60-84
- R - 12-32
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Equine TPR
- T - 99-101.5
- P - 28-46
- R - 8-16
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How to age cattle
- by teeth
- 8 deciduous mandibular incisors by 1 month
- 1-2 permanent central incisors are 2 years
- 3-4 permanent incisors are 2-3 years old
- 5-6 permanent is 3 years old
- 8 permanent incisors (canines) are 4 years old
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how to age a horse
- Deciduous incisors erupt at 8 days, 8 weeks, 8 months
- permanent teeth erupt at 3 years, 4 years, 5 years.
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adult female goat
doe or nanny
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adult intact male goat
buck or billy
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adult intact male sheep
ram or buck
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castrated male goat
wether
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castrated male sheep
wether
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young female goat
doeling or doe kid
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young female sheep
ewe lamb
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docking
cutting off a sheep's tail, usually before 3 weeks of age. Almost universally performed to prevent fly strike at the perineum
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disbudding
removing a goat's horn buds at about 1 week of age (required for safety and registration of dairy goats)
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lamb meat
meat from a young sheep
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mutton
meat from a mature sheep, usually after about 14 months of age
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Poll
part between a horse's ears
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fetlock
bump above hoof of horse
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cannon bone
lower long bone of equine foreleg
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pastern
part of a horse leg between hoof and fetlock
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croup
top of horse rump behind points
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young male or female bovine
calf
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young male bovine
bull calf
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young female bovine, not yet bred
heifer
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young female bovine bred for the first time
first calf heifer
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adult female bovine over 2 years of age
cow
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castrated male bovine
steer or ox
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casting
technique to force cattle to lie down so that restraint can be maintained in dorsal or lateral recumbency
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California mastitis test
- cow-side test that crudely measures somatic cell count in milk
- screening test for mastitis
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colostrum
antibody-rich first milk after parturition
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cull
to target an animal for removal from the herd (usually due to low production or injury
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downer cow
unable to rise due to disease or injury
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fresh cow
a cow that has recently calved
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ketosis
a common metabolic disease of dairy cattle characterized by excessive accumulation of ketone bodies
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lactation
the period of time a cow produces milk after calving (generally 305 days or more per year)
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strip
to remove several streams of milk from a teat by hand
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total mixed ration
TMR contains all feed ingredients (including minerals, grains and vitamins) mixed together in a nutritionally balanced ratio
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Udder (cow)
The udder of a dairy cow consists of 4 mammary glands; each gland has one teat, each teat has one orifice
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quarter
each one of the four mammary glands making up a cow's udder is called a quarter
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adult female dog
- bitch
- usually used to refer to an intact, breeding femaie
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male dog used for breeding
stud
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female parent (general term, many species)
dam
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male parent (general term, many species)
sire
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female cat
- queen
- usually refers to an intact, breeding female
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an altered female cat
spay
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AKC
best known registry for purebred dogs in the US
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dog with a broad head and short muzzle
brachycephalic
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dog with a narrow head and long muzzle
dolicocephalic
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uncommon name for a dog with a normally proportioned head
mesocephalic
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Family (as in genus, species) of dogs and what is in that family
Also, genus and species of domestic dogs
- canidae
- includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals.
- Canis familiaris
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first digit of dogs and cats
dewclaw
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heat
estrus or fertile period
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most common feline coat pattern
- tabby
- thin pencil lines on the face and an "M" on the forehead
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Points (cat)
- face, paws and tail
- Siamese and a few other breeds have light bodies with darker points
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Official name for a furball in the GI tract of any animal species
trichobezoar
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having extra digits
polydactyly
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Newborn equine of any sex
foal
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young female equine
filly
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young intact male equine
colt
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colt or filly 6-12 months old
weanling
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equine around 1 year old
yearling
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adult female equine over 2-3 years old
mare
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intact male equine over 2-3 years old
stallion
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castrated male equine
gelding
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female equine used for breeding
brood mare
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shape and proportion of the body and limbs
- conformation
- faults may predispose to lameness
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near side
left side of a horse. By tradition and custom, the side used to approach, mount or lead a horse
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off side
the right side of a horse
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Sound (equine)
no injuries, illnesses or conditions that affect its performance or intended use
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gait
- walk, trot, canter, and gallop
- 4 basic natural gaits
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equipment used on a horse
- tack
- includes halter, bridle, saddle, etc
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a long rein or rope on which a horse is held while it is made to move in a circle around its trainer
longe (lunge) line
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the entire headpiece worn to control a horse when ridden
- bridle
- includes bit, reins, chin strap, and leather straps to hold it on the head
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headpiece with a ring for attaching a lead rope
halter
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hand
- four inches.
- Unit of measure for a horse's heigh measured at its withers.
- a 62" inch horse is 15.5 hands high, called 15.2
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a horse 14.2 hands or less
pony
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a horse that has rolled against a wall and is unable to rise
cast
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lashing out rapidly with one or both front feet
- striking
- don't stand directly in front of a horse
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tattoo (equine)
- means of identification
- inside of upper lip
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hanging weight
carcass weight in goats, with blood and organs removed
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young pig prior to weaning (before 3-6 weeks)
piglet, baby pig
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intact male pig at any age
boar
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castrated male pig
barrow
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young female pig
- gilt
- after the first litter, called a sow
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adult female breeding pig
sow
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parturition in swine
- farrowing
- after a gilt has had her first litter she is called a sow
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pig between weaning (3-6 weeks) and 55-70 lbs
weaned pig, nursery pig, starting pig, weaner
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pig from 60 to 260 lbs
grower, finisher, fattening pig, market pig
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time of slaughter for swine
260 lbs is current market weight in US, usually reached around 5 months.
Britain's market weight is 150, so their pigs are rarely castrated. (no boar taint)
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When head exam on bovine should be done
last, causes anxiety
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bovine nasal discharge
some serous discharge normal
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mucous membranes on bovines
always hypersalivatory, not useful for hydration status (check enophthalmos instead)
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palpable lymph nodes in bovine head
- mandibular (salivary glands are MUCH larger)
- parotid
- medial retropharyngeal only if enlarged
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why we sniff breath/nasal odor in bovine
ketones or foul odor that indicates pharyngeal or lung abscess
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why we feel ears
happy healthy cows have warm ears.
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Bovine eyes
- corpora nigra, slow PLR normal. Pupils horizontally elliptical
- bluish-green tapetum
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Ways to restrain a cow
- tail restraint
- headlocks
- chute
- rope halter and quick release knot
- casting
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normal dairy cow silhouette and what variations mean
- Look from behind: symmetrical, bony is normal
- asymmetry ("sprung rib cage") could indicate a DA, etc (ping test). Rumen distended with gas
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Bovine rumen contraction rate
1-2 per minute
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Bovine rumen palpation
- left side
- air on top near paralumbar fossa
- fibrous mat
- fluid below
- Ping (indicates gas pockets) from tuber coxae to olecranon with stethoscope
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withers pinch test
pinch withers, cow will arch away. Resist with abdominal pain
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spatial relationships in bovine abdomen
- left side is pretty much just rumen
- reticulum is cranial to rumen between ribs 6-8, ventromedial or slightly right.
- abomasum flexed on abdominal floor, caudal to reticulum and ventral to rumen.
- omasum is ventral on right abdomen beneath ribs 8-11.
- Spleen is craniodorsal to rumen on the left
- intestines are right of midline. Spiral colon, cecum
- liver is right between diaphragm and omasum
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grunt test
- detects local ventral abdominal pain (peritonitis, hardware disease, abomasal ulcers)
- On right side, closed fist with gentle but deep pressure upwards to ventral abdomen, left and right of midline from cranial udder to xiphoid
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What bovine vulva can be used for
mucous membrane color, hydration, CRT.
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How to stimulate urination in a cow
rub the perineum (then check for ketones)
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veins and lymph nodes and info about the udder
- four quarters, one teat each.
- Palpable supramammary lymph nodes
- milk veins are crainial superficial epigastric, don't use these for anything (can bleed out or hematoma)
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how to take a pulse in a bovine
coccygeal artery in tail, 6-12 inches from the base
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2 ways to check hydration status
- skin tent on neck
- enophthalmos
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bovine lung field borders
- 6th intercostal space at olecranon
- 11th intercostal space dorsally
- curved line between
- Make sure to listen and use percussion
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bovine cardio sounds
- can have a split S1, gallop rhythm.
- P (L 3rd intercostal between shoulder and elbow)
- A (L 4th at shoulder level)
- M (LAV 5th between shoulder and elbow)
- T (RAV 4th between shoulder and elbow)
- WAAAAY under elbow to palpate apex beat
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Bovine hooks and points
- hooks - tuber coxae
- points - ischiatic tuberosity
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ascult abdomen of a horse
- Right paralumbar fossa - cecum (toilet flush, 2-3 times per minute)
- dorsal and ventral quadrants
- large intestinal sounds are deep and rumbing
- small intestinal sounds are fluid
- Can ping with decreased sounds
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equine esophagus
travels down left side of throat
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equine from mouth to anus
oral, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum (right paralumbar fossa), right ventral colon, sternal flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon (huge and short), transverse colon (small) descending colon, rectum, anus
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Name the GI organs of equine between left and right body walls from dorsal to ventral
- Left: descending colon, jejunum, left dorsal colon, left ventral colon
- right: cecum, right dorsal colon, right ventral colon.
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normal appearance of equine vulva
should be upright with lips completely closed. "tipped" can cause pneumovagina and contamination.
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equine udder
two teats and two glands, two openings on each teat.
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equine penis
will drop the penis under sedation. Prepuce is called the sheath.
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where/how to check vitals on a horse
- gingeva for CRT, hydration
- hydration can also be skin tent on neck, enophthalmos
- Pulse from facial, transverse facial, digital
- jugular pulse okay if lower 1/3 only.
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horse lung field
- epaxials dorsally, triceps line cranially, 6th rib at olecranon to costochondral 11th or 12th, to 16th intercostal space (horses have 18 ribs)
- Can use rebreathing bag to ensure a big breath
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horse cardiac auscultation
- P (L 3rd intercostal between shoulder and elbow)
- A (L 4th at shoulder level)
- M (LAV 5th between shoulder and elbow)
- T (RAV 4th between shoulder and elbow)
- S3 or S4 may be heard
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equine eye exam
corpora nigra, PLR is slow, pupil sideways
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Equine cranial nerve VII signs
- drooping of ear, eye (ptosis), or lower lip
- nose will deviate towards the good side
- loss of palpebral reflex
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equine cranial nerve V signs
- dropped jaw, atrophy of masseter and temporal muscles
- palpebral lost
- no response to lips or nasal mucosa
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viborg's triangle
- surgical access for ventral drainage from gutteral pouch
- cranially by mandible, ventrally by linguofacial vein and caudodorsally by tendon sternocephalicus
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identify lameness at a trot
Horse will throw head up when stepping on the bad leg, shorten stride on bad leg, soft tissues worse on soft ground and bones worse on hard ground, circle is worse when bad leg is inside.
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lung field in small animals
CURVE from 11th intercostal space dorsally to the 6th costochondral junction
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describe sounds of tracheal, vesicular and lower airway sounds
- tracheal - harsh, blowing
- vesicular (thoracic wall) - quiet, wind through the trees
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describe adventital breath sounds
- crackles: discontinuous short bursts of sound like crumpled cellophane (fluid)
- wheezes: high-pitched musical sounds (narrowed airways)
- stridor: harsh non-musical sounds (narrowing of upper airway)
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causes of decreased/muffled/absent lung sounds
- accumulation of fluid, air or material in pleural space
- pneumothorax, pleural effusion, diaphragmatic hernia, masses
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Menace response
hand close to animal's eye, they should blink. Tests II (vision) and VII (blink)
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Lymph nodes in SA
- Palpable: mandibular, superficial cervical, popliteal
- Palpate for: axillary, superficial inguinal, sublumbar
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What can you see in an otoscopic exam?
- vertical canal
- horizontal canal
- tympanic membrane
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Where to place your hands for cranial drawer
Patella and fabella, fibula and tibial tuberosity.
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Autonomous zones of common fibular, tibial, saphenous, radial, ulnar, musculocutaeous
- common fibular: dorsal surface of foot (lateral)
- tibial: plantar surface of foot (lateral)
- saphenous: medial crus
- radial: dorsal paw
- ulnar: caudal antebrachium
- musculocutaneous: medial antebrachium
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mucus vs mucous
- mucus is a noun
- mucous is an adverb
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SA cardiac auscultation
- P (L 3rd intercostal between shoulder and elbow)
- A (L 4th at shoulder level)
- M (LAV 5th between shoulder and elbow)
- T (RAV 4th between shoulder and elbow)
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What are S1 and S2
- S1 is closure of the AV valves
- S2 is closure of pulmonary and aortic valves
- S1-S2 is systole, S2-S1 is diastole
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miosis, mydriasis, anisochoria
- miosis is small pupils
- mydriasis is dilated pupils
- anisochoria is different sized pupils
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Schirmer tear test normal
- dog: 15mm or more for a minute
- cat: 5mm or more for a minute
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direct ophthalmoscopy
ophthalmoscope, have to be close and see small field, but see right side up. See better detail, hard to see peripheral.
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indirect ophthalmoscopy
- lens and light source
- can be far away, see bigger picture but less detail, picture is upside down and backwards
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how to differentiate a male from female cat perineum
male has longer anogenital distance, testicles in between.
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