Block VIIA

• T - 100.5-102.5
• P - 70-160
• R - 16-28

• T - 100.5-102.5
• P - 140-210
• R - 20-28

• T - 100.4-102.5
• P - 60-84
• R - 12-32

• T - 99-101.5
• P - 28-46
• R - 8-16

• by teeth
• 8 deciduous mandibular incisors by 1 month
• 1-2 permanent central incisors are 2 years
• 3-4 permanent incisors are 2-3 years old
• 5-6 permanent is 3 years old
• 8 permanent incisors (canines) are 4 years old

• Deciduous incisors erupt at 8 days, 8 weeks, 8 months
• permanent teeth erupt at 3 years, 4 years, 5 years.

doe or nanny

ewe

buck or billy

ram or buck

wether

wether

doeling or doe kid

ewe lamb

cutting off a sheep's tail, usually before 3 weeks of age.  Almost universally performed to prevent fly strike at the perineum

removing a goat's horn buds at about 1 week of age (required for safety and registration of dairy goats)

goat meat

meat from a young sheep

meat from a mature sheep, usually after about 14 months of age

part between a horse's ears

bump above hoof of horse

lower long bone of equine foreleg

part of a horse leg between hoof and fetlock

top of horse rump behind points

calf

bull calf

heifer

first calf heifer

cow

steer or ox

bull

technique to force cattle to lie down so that restraint can be maintained in dorsal or lateral recumbency

• cow-side test that crudely measures somatic cell count in milk
• screening test for mastitis

antibody-rich first milk after parturition

to target an animal for removal from the herd (usually due to low production or injury

unable to rise due to disease or injury

a cow that has recently calved

not lactating

a common metabolic disease of dairy cattle characterized by excessive accumulation of ketone bodies

the period of time a cow produces milk after calving (generally 305 days or more per year)

not pregnant

to remove several streams of milk from a teat by hand

TMR contains all feed ingredients (including minerals, grains and vitamins) mixed together in a nutritionally balanced ratio

The udder of a dairy cow consists of 4 mammary glands; each gland has one teat, each teat has one orifice

each one of the four mammary glands making up a cow's udder is called a quarter

• bitch
• usually used to refer to an intact, breeding femaie

stud

dam

sire

whelp

whelp

• queen 
• usually refers to an intact, breeding female

tom

spay

best known registry for purebred dogs in the US

brachycephalic

dolicocephalic

mesocephalic

• canidae
• includes domestic dogs, wolves, coyotes, foxes, jackals.  
• Canis familiaris

dewclaw

estrus or fertile period

• tabby
• thin pencil lines on the face and an "M" on the forehead

• face, paws and tail
• Siamese and a few other breeds have light bodies with darker points

trichobezoar

polydactyly

foal

filly

colt

weanling

yearling

mare

stallion

gelding

brood mare

dam

sire

• conformation
• faults may predispose to lameness

left side of a horse.  By tradition and custom, the side used to approach, mount or lead a horse

the right side of a horse

no injuries, illnesses or conditions that affect its performance or intended use

• walk, trot, canter, and gallop
• 4 basic natural gaits

• tack
• includes halter, bridle, saddle, etc

longe (lunge) line

• bridle
• includes bit, reins, chin strap, and leather straps to hold it on the head

halter

• four inches.  
• Unit of measure for a horse's heigh measured at its withers.  
• a 62" inch horse is 15.5 hands high, called 15.2

pony

cast

• striking
• don't stand directly in front of a horse

• means of identification
• inside of upper lip

carcass weight in goats, with blood and organs removed

piglet, baby pig

boar

barrow

• gilt
• after the first litter, called a sow

sow

• farrowing
• after a gilt has had her first litter she is called a sow

weaned pig, nursery pig, starting pig, weaner

grower, finisher, fattening pig, market pig

260 lbs is current market weight in US, usually reached around 5 months.  

Britain's market weight is 150, so their pigs are rarely castrated.  (no boar taint)

last, causes anxiety

some serous discharge normal

always hypersalivatory, not useful for hydration status (check enophthalmos instead)

• mandibular (salivary glands are MUCH larger)
• parotid
• medial retropharyngeal only if enlarged

ketones or foul odor that indicates pharyngeal or lung abscess

happy healthy cows have warm ears.

• corpora nigra, slow PLR normal.  Pupils horizontally elliptical
• bluish-green tapetum

• tail restraint
• headlocks
• chute
• rope halter and quick release knot
• casting

• Look from behind: symmetrical, bony is normal
• asymmetry ("sprung rib cage") could indicate a DA, etc (ping test).  Rumen distended with gas

1-2 per minute

• left side
• air on top near paralumbar fossa
• fibrous mat
• fluid below 
• Ping (indicates gas pockets) from tuber coxae to olecranon with stethoscope

pinch withers, cow will arch away.  Resist with abdominal pain

• left side is pretty much just rumen
• reticulum is cranial to rumen between ribs 6-8, ventromedial or slightly right.
• abomasum flexed on abdominal floor, caudal to reticulum and ventral to rumen.
• omasum is ventral on right abdomen beneath ribs 8-11.  
• Spleen is craniodorsal to rumen on the left
• intestines are right of midline.  Spiral colon, cecum
• liver is right between diaphragm and omasum

• detects local ventral abdominal pain (peritonitis, hardware disease, abomasal ulcers)
• On right side, closed fist with gentle but deep pressure upwards to ventral abdomen, left and right of midline from cranial udder to xiphoid

mucous membrane color, hydration, CRT.

rub the perineum (then check for ketones)

• four quarters, one teat each.  
• Palpable supramammary lymph nodes
• milk veins are crainial superficial epigastric, don't use these for anything (can bleed out or hematoma)

coccygeal artery in tail, 6-12 inches from the base

• skin tent on neck
• enophthalmos

• 6th intercostal space at olecranon
• 11th intercostal space dorsally
• curved line between
• Make sure to listen and use percussion

• can have a split S1, gallop rhythm.
• P (L 3rd intercostal between shoulder and elbow)
• A (L 4th at shoulder level)
• M (LAV 5th between shoulder and elbow)
• T (RAV 4th between shoulder and elbow)
• WAAAAY under elbow to palpate apex beat

• hooks - tuber coxae
• points - ischiatic tuberosity

• Right paralumbar fossa - cecum (toilet flush, 2-3 times per minute)
• dorsal and ventral quadrants
• large intestinal sounds are deep and rumbing
• small intestinal sounds are fluid
• Can ping with decreased sounds

travels down left side of throat

oral, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum (right paralumbar fossa), right ventral colon, sternal flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon (huge and short), transverse colon (small) descending colon, rectum, anus

• Left: descending colon, jejunum, left dorsal colon, left ventral colon
• right: cecum, right dorsal colon, right ventral colon.

should be upright with lips completely closed.  "tipped" can cause pneumovagina and contamination.

two teats and two glands, two openings on each teat.

will drop the penis under sedation.  Prepuce is called the sheath.

• gingeva for CRT, hydration
• hydration can also be skin tent on neck, enophthalmos
• Pulse from facial, transverse facial, digital  
• jugular pulse okay if lower 1/3 only.

• epaxials dorsally, triceps line cranially, 6th rib at olecranon to costochondral 11th or 12th, to 16th intercostal space (horses have 18 ribs)
• Can use rebreathing bag to ensure a big breath

• P (L 3rd intercostal between shoulder and elbow)
• A (L 4th at shoulder level)
• M (LAV 5th between shoulder and elbow)
• T (RAV 4th between shoulder and elbow)
• S3 or S4 may be heard

corpora nigra, PLR is slow, pupil sideways

• drooping of ear, eye (ptosis), or lower lip
• nose will deviate towards the good side
• loss of palpebral reflex

• dropped jaw, atrophy of masseter and temporal muscles
• palpebral lost
• no response to lips or nasal mucosa

• surgical access for ventral drainage from gutteral pouch
• cranially by mandible, ventrally by linguofacial vein and caudodorsally by tendon sternocephalicus

Horse will throw head up when stepping on the bad leg, shorten stride on bad leg, soft tissues worse on soft ground and bones worse on hard ground, circle is worse when bad leg is inside.

CURVE from 11th intercostal space dorsally to the 6th costochondral junction

• tracheal - harsh, blowing
• vesicular (thoracic wall) - quiet, wind through the trees

• crackles: discontinuous short bursts of sound like crumpled cellophane (fluid)
• wheezes: high-pitched musical sounds (narrowed airways)
• stridor: harsh non-musical sounds (narrowing of upper airway)

• accumulation of fluid, air or material in pleural space
• pneumothorax, pleural effusion, diaphragmatic hernia, masses

hand close to animal's eye, they should blink.  Tests II (vision) and VII (blink)

V and VII

II and III

• Palpable: mandibular, superficial cervical, popliteal
• Palpate for: axillary, superficial inguinal, sublumbar

• vertical canal
• horizontal canal
• tympanic membrane

Patella and fabella, fibula and tibial tuberosity.

• common fibular: dorsal surface of foot (lateral)
• tibial: plantar surface of foot (lateral)
• saphenous: medial crus
• radial: dorsal paw
• ulnar: caudal antebrachium
• musculocutaneous: medial antebrachium

• mucus is a noun
• mucous is an adverb

• P (L 3rd intercostal between shoulder and elbow)
• A (L 4th at shoulder level)
• M (LAV 5th between shoulder and elbow)
• T (RAV 4th between shoulder and elbow)

• S1 is closure of the AV valves
• S2 is closure of pulmonary and aortic valves
• S1-S2 is systole, S2-S1 is diastole

• miosis is small pupils
• mydriasis is dilated pupils
• anisochoria is different sized pupils

• dog: 15mm or more for a minute
• cat: 5mm or more for a minute

ophthalmoscope, have to be close and see small field, but see right side up.  See better detail, hard to see peripheral.

• lens and light source
• can be far away, see bigger picture but less detail, picture is upside down and backwards

male has longer anogenital distance, testicles in between.