Oral medication because its not absorbed in the GI tract tissues and is good for infections inside the GI tract.
Aminoglycosides drug information
Bactericidal
Effective against aerobic bacteria
Combines with ribosomes
Nephrotoxic and ototoxic
Eliminated by kidneys
Hydrophilic
Forms of tetracyclines
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Tetracycline drugs information
Bacteriostatic
Combine with ribosomes
Don't give with dairy
Cause teeth to yellow
Quinolone drugs information
Interfere with DNA gyrase
Gram + and -
Ineffective against anerobic bacteria
Effects joint cartilage
Can cause blindness in cats
Treats prostate infections
Quinolone drug forms
Enrofloxacin
Marbofloxacin
Orbifloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Sulfonamides drug information
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal with trimethoprim
Inactivate key enzyme involved with synthesis of folic acid
Broad spectrum
Side effects: KCS, hypersensitivity, thrombocytopenia, anemia
Sulfonamide drug forms
Sulfadiazine
Sulfadimethoxine
Lincosamides drug information
Bacteriostatic and bactericidal
Gram +
Protein inhibitor
Metabolized by liver
Cons: Rabbits, horses, hamsters, ruminants
Lincosamide drug forms
Lincomycin
Clindamycin
Macrolides drug information
Bacteriostatic
Inhibit protein synthesis
Macrolides drug forms
Erythromycin
Tylosin
Tilmicosin
Azithromycin
Chloramphenicol drug information
Bacteriostatic in low doses and bactericidal in high doses
Binds to ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis
Causes fatal aplastic anemia
Don't use in food animals
Metronidazole drug information
Bactericidal
Effective against anerobic bacteria
Causes CNS side effects
Rifampin drug information
Bacteriostatic and bactericidal
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Bacitracin drug information
Interferes with cell wall
Nephrotoxic
Eye drop form
Drug used to treat pseudomonas
Polymyxin B
Drug used to treat UTI
Nitroforantoin
Amphotericin B drug information
Treats deep fungal infections
Binds to and damages ergosterol on cell membrane
Fungicidal and fungistatic
Side effects: Nephrotoxic, fever, anorexia
Imidazole derivatives (Azoles) drug information
Interfere with cell membrane
5-10 days before it becomes fungicidal
Side effects: GI and hepatotoxic
Griseofulvin drug information
Fungistatic
Treats superficial fungus
Caution with cats (teratogenic)
Side effects: Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea
Drug concentration at the lower end of the therapeutic range for the antibiotic; concentration of drug at which bacteria are inhibited.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
Means decrease in number of platelets
Thrombocytopenia
Disease-causing agents
Pathogens
Range of bacteria that can be killed by a particular antimicorbial
Spectrum of activity
Traces of leftover drug in the tissue long after the antimicorbial drug has been stopped
Residue
Chemical structure found in penicillin and cephalosporins; can be the site of action for some bacterial enzymes
B-lactam ring
Having an allergic reaction to a drug
Hypersensitivity
Process by which one compound binds to another compound; causing the compounds to precipitate out of the solution, occurs with tetracyclines and calcium.
Chelate
Means toxic to the kidneys; occurs with aminoglycosides
Nephrotoxicosis
Presence of crystals, typically precipitated drug molecules in the urine
Crystalluria
Means skin plant; refers to fungal agents such as ringworm
Dermatophyte
Term meaning bone marrow production of blood cells has stopped; occurs with chloramphenicol
Myelosuppression
Enzyme inhibited by quinolones and prevents nuclear material inside bacteria from being condensed so the bacteria can divide
DNA gyrase
Drug-induced condition that results in glucosuria without hyperglycemia; associated with tetracyclines
Fanconi's syndrome
Means "keep bacteria from growing or multiplying"
Bacteriostatic
Means decreased number of WBC
Leukopenia
Term indicating bacteria can be inhibited or killed by a particular drug
Sensitive
Condition that occurs when an antibiotic given by a mouth kills off beneficial bacteria in the GI tract and allows pathogenic bacteria to proliferate
Superinfection, suprainfection
Means toxic to the ear; occurs with aminoglycosides
Ototoxic
Condition called dry eye because of the decreased function of the tear glands
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Process by which bacteria are isolated and susceptibility to different antimicrobial drugs determined
Culture and sensitivity
Microbes that grow under conditions of little or no oxygen
Anaerobic
Means produces pus
Pyogenic
"Against life" and refers to drugs that kill pathogens
Antibiotic
Resistance of bacteria to several related antimicrobial drugs
Cross resistance
Enzyme produced by bacteria that can disable penicillins and cephalosporins
B-lactamase
Bacteria that cannot be killed by a specific drug
Resistant
Microbes that require oxygen to grow
Aerobic
Group of antimicrobials that can be rendered ineffective by the presence of pus
Aminoglycosides
Group of tetracyclines that are able to penetrate the CNS through the blood-brain barrier, has a longer half life than other tetracyclines and slightly broader spectrum of activity
Doxycycline and minocycline
Group of antimicrobials that works by inactivating key enzymes involved in the bacteria synthesis of folic acid
Sulfonamides
Amino-type members of this group; greater spectrum of activity than the natural members of the group
Amoxicillin and ampicillin
First quinolone to be approved for use in the US. Indicated for use with cats and dogs
Enrofloxacin
B-lactam antibiotics that are naturally resistant against penicillinase.
Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin and Oxacillin
Expired drugs that can decompose to form nephrotoxic compound that damages proximal tubule of the kidney, prevents reabsorption of sugar from urine
Tetracycline or oxytetracycline
Group of antibiotics known for being very safe with exception of hypersensitivity reactions
Penicillins
Antifungal used for deep mycoses, causes damage to the kidneys
Amphotericin B
Readily chelated with calcium and magnesium, dont use orally in nursing animals or allow animal to drink milk or dairy products.
Tetracycline and oxytertacycline
Added to penicillin G to slow absorption and extend therapeutic concentrations for up to 2 days
Procaine
Use of this drug in any animal intended for food is grounds for losing vet license, causes aplastic anemia in humans
Chloramphenicol
Group of B-lactam antimicrobials classified by generations
Cephalosporins
Group taken up by active transport process that is oxygen dependent, ineffective against anaerobes
Aminoglycosides
Group of drugs that work by binding to DNA gyrase and preventing bacteria from replicating
Quinolones
Members of the penicillin group that have the greatest range of activity against bacteria
Carbenicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin
Drugs that can cause adult teeth to turn yellow if they were presented in the body when the enamel was developing
Tetracycline
Drug group that are ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Aminoglycosides
Indicated for use in prostatic infections because they penetrate the blood prostate barrier and accumulate within the prostate at concentrations higher than the surrounding plasma
Quinolones
Work by interfering with the development of the bacterial cell wall
Penicillins and cephalosporins
Sulfonamide drug used for its anti inflammatory characteristics in the colon
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Contraindicated in dogs who are in rapid growth phases because of the possibility of forming small bubble like lesions in the joint cartilage
Quinolones
Causes hypersensitivity reactions, mostly of the skin
Sulfonamides
Bacteriostatic antimicrobial used most commonly for rickettsial diseases, has 2 classes of drugs, one is hydrophilic and the other lipophilic
Tetracyclines
Early signs of toxicosis is the presence of casts and increased protein in urine
Aminoglycosides
Treats superficial fungal infections, teratogenic in cats and can produce cleft palates or other skeletal deformities
Griseofulvin
Most nephrotoxic aminoglycoside
Neomycin
Water soluble tetracyclines, used in livestock
Tetracycline and oxytertracycline
2 groups of antibiotics only effective against bacteria that are rapidly dividing
Penicillins and cephalosporins
IV injection of small doses in horses results in arrhythmias, collapse and death
Doxycycline
Added to sulfonamide antibiotics to increase their killing power
Trimethoprim and ormetoprim
Added to penicillin G to slow its absorption and extend its actions for over 5 days
Benzathine
Associated with KCS
Sulfonamides
Natural member of this group, B- lactam. Dont give orally
Penicillin G
Lincosamide that works well against anaerobic bacteria and therefore used to treat deep pyoderma, abcesses and dental infections
Clindamycin (Antirobe)
Macrolide similar in its chemical structure to a compound called motilin, causes abdominal cramping, pain and diarrhea
Erythromycin
Macrolide that has produced death in people who have accidentally or intentionally injected themselves
Tilmicosin (Micotil)
Bactericidal effective against intestinal protozoa such as giardia, can cause neurological side effects
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
Drug with excellent ability to penetrate tissues, doesnt cause aplastic anemia
Florfenicol (Nuflor)
Added with neomycin and polymyxin B to make a widely used antibiotic ointment
Bacitracin
Added to amoxicillin to make amoxicillin resistant to the bacterias B-lactamase enzyme
Clavulanic acid or sulbactam
Group of antifungals that is the treatment of choice for deep mycoses
Imidazoles
Capable of causing superinfections in guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, and rabbits.
Penicillins
TRUE OR FALSE. Cloxacillin has a broader spectrum of activity than ampicillin
False
TRUE OR FALSE. If animal has a reaction to penicillin G, amoxicillin should be safe to use
False
TRUE OR FALSE. 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins are more effective against gram negative bacteria than 1st generation
True
TRUE OR FALSE. With aminoglycosides the total daily dose should be divided among four doses instead of once daily
False
TRUE OR FALSE. Aminoglycosides readily penetrate cellular barriers
False
TRUE OR FALSE. Aminoglycosides are almost exclusively eliminated by the kidneys
True
TRUE OR FALSE. In aminoglycoside toxicosis the BUN and creatinine concentrations go up before casts and protein begin to appear in urine
False
TRUE OR FALSE. If animal develops diarrhea while on oral tetracycline antacids, kaolin or Pepto-Bismol are acceptable treatments
False
TRUE OR FALSE. For susceptible bacteria in the liver or lungs a systemis sulfonamide is preferred over enteric sulfonamide
True
TRUE OR FALSE. Amphotericin B begins to kill fungal organisms much quicker than ketoconazole or itraconazole
True
TRUE OR FALSE. When changing grisofulvin dose form from microsized to ultramicrosized the dose would probably have to increase
False
Why are penicillins with broad spectrum not used to treat bacterial infections of the brain or eye?
Ionized charged molecules at body pH. Hydrophilic and unable to pass through cellular barrier such as the blood brain barrier or the barrier to the globe of the eye. Drug cannot distribute to these sites.
