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Suffix that means inhibits growth
Static
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Antimicrobial produced by microorganisms
Antibiotics
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5 ways antimicrobials kill bacteria
- Cell wall
- Cell membrane permeability
- Ribosomes
- Critical enzymes
- Nucleic acids
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Penicillin drugs information
- Bactericidal
- Gram + bacteria
- Interfere with cell wall
- Inactivated by beta-lactamase
- Allergic reactions common
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Type of cephalosporins
- Cefadroxil (1st gen)
- Cephalexin (1st gen)
- Ceftiofur (3rd gen)
- Cefpodoxime (3rd gen)
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Cephalosporin drugs information
- Bactericidal
- 1st gen gram +, 2nd gen gram -
- Interfere with cell wall
- Hypersensitivity reaction, vomiting, diarrhea
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Types of aminoglycosides
- Gentamicin
- Amikacin
- Neomycin
- Streptomycin
- Dihydrostrep
- Apramycin
- Tobramycin
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What is neomycin good for?
Oral medication because its not absorbed in the GI tract tissues and is good for infections inside the GI tract.
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Aminoglycosides drug information
- Bactericidal
- Effective against aerobic bacteria
- Combines with ribosomes
- Nephrotoxic and ototoxic
- Eliminated by kidneys
- Hydrophilic
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Forms of tetracyclines
- Oxytetracycline
- Doxycycline
- Minocycline
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Tetracycline drugs information
- Bacteriostatic
- Combine with ribosomes
- Don't give with dairy
- Cause teeth to yellow
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Quinolone drugs information
- Interfere with DNA gyrase
- Gram + and -
- Ineffective against anerobic bacteria
- Effects joint cartilage
- Can cause blindness in cats
- Treats prostate infections
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Quinolone drug forms
- Enrofloxacin
- Marbofloxacin
- Orbifloxacin
- Ciprofloxacin
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Sulfonamides drug information
- Bacteriostatic
- Bactericidal with trimethoprim
- Inactivate key enzyme involved with synthesis of folic acid
- Broad spectrum
- Side effects: KCS, hypersensitivity, thrombocytopenia, anemia
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Sulfonamide drug forms
- Sulfadiazine
- Sulfadimethoxine
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Lincosamides drug information
- Bacteriostatic and bactericidal
- Gram +
- Protein inhibitor
- Metabolized by liver
- Cons: Rabbits, horses, hamsters, ruminants
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Macrolides drug information
- Bacteriostatic
- Inhibit protein synthesis
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Macrolides drug forms
- Erythromycin
- Tylosin
- Tilmicosin
- Azithromycin
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Chloramphenicol drug information
- Bacteriostatic in low doses and bactericidal in high doses
- Binds to ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis
- Causes fatal aplastic anemia
- Don't use in food animals
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Metronidazole drug information
- Bactericidal
- Effective against anerobic bacteria
- Causes CNS side effects
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Rifampin drug information
- Bacteriostatic and bactericidal
- RNA polymerase inhibitor
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Bacitracin drug information
- Interferes with cell wall
- Nephrotoxic
- Eye drop form
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Drug used to treat pseudomonas
Polymyxin B
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Drug used to treat UTI
Nitroforantoin
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Amphotericin B drug information
- Treats deep fungal infections
- Binds to and damages ergosterol on cell membrane
- Fungicidal and fungistatic
- Side effects: Nephrotoxic, fever, anorexia
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Imidazole derivatives (Azoles) drug information
- Interfere with cell membrane
- 5-10 days before it becomes fungicidal
- Side effects: GI and hepatotoxic
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Griseofulvin drug information
- Fungistatic
- Treats superficial fungus
- Caution with cats (teratogenic)
- Side effects: Anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea
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Drug concentration at the lower end of the therapeutic range for the antibiotic; concentration of drug at which bacteria are inhibited.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
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Means decrease in number of platelets
Thrombocytopenia
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Disease-causing agents
Pathogens
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Range of bacteria that can be killed by a particular antimicorbial
Spectrum of activity
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Traces of leftover drug in the tissue long after the antimicorbial drug has been stopped
Residue
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Chemical structure found in penicillin and cephalosporins; can be the site of action for some bacterial enzymes
B-lactam ring
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Having an allergic reaction to a drug
Hypersensitivity
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Process by which one compound binds to another compound; causing the compounds to precipitate out of the solution, occurs with tetracyclines and calcium.
Chelate
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Means toxic to the kidneys; occurs with aminoglycosides
Nephrotoxicosis
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Presence of crystals, typically precipitated drug molecules in the urine
Crystalluria
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Means skin plant; refers to fungal agents such as ringworm
Dermatophyte
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Term meaning bone marrow production of blood cells has stopped; occurs with chloramphenicol
Myelosuppression
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Enzyme inhibited by quinolones and prevents nuclear material inside bacteria from being condensed so the bacteria can divide
DNA gyrase
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Drug-induced condition that results in glucosuria without hyperglycemia; associated with tetracyclines
Fanconi's syndrome
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Means "keep bacteria from growing or multiplying"
Bacteriostatic
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Means decreased number of WBC
Leukopenia
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Term indicating bacteria can be inhibited or killed by a particular drug
Sensitive
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Condition that occurs when an antibiotic given by a mouth kills off beneficial bacteria in the GI tract and allows pathogenic bacteria to proliferate
Superinfection, suprainfection
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Means toxic to the ear; occurs with aminoglycosides
Ototoxic
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Condition called dry eye because of the decreased function of the tear glands
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
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Process by which bacteria are isolated and susceptibility to different antimicrobial drugs determined
Culture and sensitivity
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Microbes that grow under conditions of little or no oxygen
Anaerobic
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Means produces pus
Pyogenic
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"Against life" and refers to drugs that kill pathogens
Antibiotic
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Resistance of bacteria to several related antimicrobial drugs
Cross resistance
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Enzyme produced by bacteria that can disable penicillins and cephalosporins
B-lactamase
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Bacteria that cannot be killed by a specific drug
Resistant
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Microbes that require oxygen to grow
Aerobic
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Group of antimicrobials that can be rendered ineffective by the presence of pus
Aminoglycosides
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Group of tetracyclines that are able to penetrate the CNS through the blood-brain barrier, has a longer half life than other tetracyclines and slightly broader spectrum of activity
Doxycycline and minocycline
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Group of antimicrobials that works by inactivating key enzymes involved in the bacteria synthesis of folic acid
Sulfonamides
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Amino-type members of this group; greater spectrum of activity than the natural members of the group
Amoxicillin and ampicillin
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First quinolone to be approved for use in the US. Indicated for use with cats and dogs
Enrofloxacin
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B-lactam antibiotics that are naturally resistant against penicillinase.
Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin and Oxacillin
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Expired drugs that can decompose to form nephrotoxic compound that damages proximal tubule of the kidney, prevents reabsorption of sugar from urine
Tetracycline or oxytetracycline
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Group of antibiotics known for being very safe with exception of hypersensitivity reactions
Penicillins
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Antifungal used for deep mycoses, causes damage to the kidneys
Amphotericin B
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Readily chelated with calcium and magnesium, dont use orally in nursing animals or allow animal to drink milk or dairy products.
Tetracycline and oxytertacycline
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Added to penicillin G to slow absorption and extend therapeutic concentrations for up to 2 days
Procaine
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Use of this drug in any animal intended for food is grounds for losing vet license, causes aplastic anemia in humans
Chloramphenicol
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Group of B-lactam antimicrobials classified by generations
Cephalosporins
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Group taken up by active transport process that is oxygen dependent, ineffective against anaerobes
Aminoglycosides
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Group of drugs that work by binding to DNA gyrase and preventing bacteria from replicating
Quinolones
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Members of the penicillin group that have the greatest range of activity against bacteria
Carbenicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin
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Drugs that can cause adult teeth to turn yellow if they were presented in the body when the enamel was developing
Tetracycline
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Drug group that are ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Aminoglycosides
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Indicated for use in prostatic infections because they penetrate the blood prostate barrier and accumulate within the prostate at concentrations higher than the surrounding plasma
Quinolones
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Work by interfering with the development of the bacterial cell wall
Penicillins and cephalosporins
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Sulfonamide drug used for its anti inflammatory characteristics in the colon
Sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
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Contraindicated in dogs who are in rapid growth phases because of the possibility of forming small bubble like lesions in the joint cartilage
Quinolones
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Causes hypersensitivity reactions, mostly of the skin
Sulfonamides
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Bacteriostatic antimicrobial used most commonly for rickettsial diseases, has 2 classes of drugs, one is hydrophilic and the other lipophilic
Tetracyclines
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Early signs of toxicosis is the presence of casts and increased protein in urine
Aminoglycosides
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Treats superficial fungal infections, teratogenic in cats and can produce cleft palates or other skeletal deformities
Griseofulvin
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Most nephrotoxic aminoglycoside
Neomycin
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Water soluble tetracyclines, used in livestock
Tetracycline and oxytertracycline
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2 groups of antibiotics only effective against bacteria that are rapidly dividing
Penicillins and cephalosporins
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IV injection of small doses in horses results in arrhythmias, collapse and death
Doxycycline
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Added to sulfonamide antibiotics to increase their killing power
Trimethoprim and ormetoprim
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Added to penicillin G to slow its absorption and extend its actions for over 5 days
Benzathine
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Associated with KCS
Sulfonamides
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Natural member of this group, B- lactam. Dont give orally
Penicillin G
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Lincosamide that works well against anaerobic bacteria and therefore used to treat deep pyoderma, abcesses and dental infections
Clindamycin (Antirobe)
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Macrolide similar in its chemical structure to a compound called motilin, causes abdominal cramping, pain and diarrhea
Erythromycin
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Macrolide that has produced death in people who have accidentally or intentionally injected themselves
Tilmicosin (Micotil)
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Bactericidal effective against intestinal protozoa such as giardia, can cause neurological side effects
Metronidazole (Flagyl)
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Drug with excellent ability to penetrate tissues, doesnt cause aplastic anemia
Florfenicol (Nuflor)
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Added with neomycin and polymyxin B to make a widely used antibiotic ointment
Bacitracin
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Added to amoxicillin to make amoxicillin resistant to the bacterias B-lactamase enzyme
Clavulanic acid or sulbactam
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Group of antifungals that is the treatment of choice for deep mycoses
Imidazoles
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Capable of causing superinfections in guinea pigs, ferrets, hamsters, and rabbits.
Penicillins
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TRUE OR FALSE. Cloxacillin has a broader spectrum of activity than ampicillin
False
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TRUE OR FALSE. If animal has a reaction to penicillin G, amoxicillin should be safe to use
False
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TRUE OR FALSE. 2nd and 3rd generation cephalosporins are more effective against gram negative bacteria than 1st generation
True
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TRUE OR FALSE. With aminoglycosides the total daily dose should be divided among four doses instead of once daily
False
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TRUE OR FALSE. Aminoglycosides readily penetrate cellular barriers
False
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TRUE OR FALSE. Aminoglycosides are almost exclusively eliminated by the kidneys
True
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TRUE OR FALSE. In aminoglycoside toxicosis the BUN and creatinine concentrations go up before casts and protein begin to appear in urine
False
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TRUE OR FALSE. If animal develops diarrhea while on oral tetracycline antacids, kaolin or Pepto-Bismol are acceptable treatments
False
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TRUE OR FALSE. For susceptible bacteria in the liver or lungs a systemis sulfonamide is preferred over enteric sulfonamide
True
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TRUE OR FALSE. Amphotericin B begins to kill fungal organisms much quicker than ketoconazole or itraconazole
True
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TRUE OR FALSE. When changing grisofulvin dose form from microsized to ultramicrosized the dose would probably have to increase
False
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Why are penicillins with broad spectrum not used to treat bacterial infections of the brain or eye?
Ionized charged molecules at body pH. Hydrophilic and unable to pass through cellular barrier such as the blood brain barrier or the barrier to the globe of the eye. Drug cannot distribute to these sites.
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Ototoxic and nephrotoxic
Aminoglycosides
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