Neuropath- Part 1

Functions of the NS. (5)

Terminally differentiated neuroepithelial derivative.

Means of electrochemically transmitting information.

_____________ of ions across ____________ create a membrane potential.

Neurons have a high intracellular conc of _____.

Neuronal plasma membranes are selectively permeable to _______, allowing it to move out of the cell down its conc gradient and creating a net _______ within the cell.

Membrane potential is established because _____ diffuses down its conc gradient out of the cell, but the ______ charge that builds within the cell attracts diffusing ______ against their conc gradient and back into the cell.

Permeability of the membrane to _______ is low and constant; therefore, membrane potential is mainly controlled by __(2)__.

Membrane potential is ______ (charge).

At rest, extracellular concs of __(2)__ are high relative to inside the cell.

Everywhere except _____________, the negative and positive charges are ____________.

The _____________ establishes the high intracellular K+ conc and low intracellular _____ conc.

________________ is the primary basis for the -90mV membrane potential.

In the resting stage, the membrane is _________.

During membrane depolarization, the membrane suddenly becomes ____________, resulting in a massive influx; this leads to ______________.

The influx of Na+ that leads to membrane depolarization is mediated by activation of ____________, which occurs through ____________ that caused a conformational change.

The reduction in membrane potential necessary for activation of voltage-gated Na+ channels must be sufficient to _______________ and induce a ____________.

Depolarization will spread in __________ where ____________.

Repolarization is achieved due to the slow conformational change in a ___________. allowing ___________.

Diffusion of ________ to the __________ re-establishes resting membrane potential.

Na+/K+ concs are re-established by the ___________.

__________ is the most efficient way to generate ATP; therefore, the brain does not utilize __________; the implication of this is...

Neurons utilize _________ almost exclusively for their energy demands.

Modulation of initiation/propagation of action potentials is driven by... (3)

Diminished K+ diffusion potential interferes with ___________.

______ binds the extracellular domain of the voltage-gated Na+ channel, stabilizing the channel.

Reducing extracellular Ca2+ reduces the voltage at which __________; this results in __________.

Depolarization proceeds along the length of the axon, reaching the __________, where stimulatory or inhibitory signals are transmitted downstream through the __________.

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the __________ or the _________ and are packaged in ___________.

Depolarization of the presynaptic terminal activates ____________, allowing a(n) ___________.

A rise in intracellular Ca2+ causes fusion of __________ with the _________, releasing ___________ into the __________.

What are the receptors types on postsynaptic neurons for neurotransmitters? (2)

Excitation of ion channel receptors results in opening __________; inhibition of ion channel receptors results in opening __________.

Small molecule neurotransmitters are ________ acting and primarily affect __________.

Neuropeptide neurotransmitters are _________ acting and primarily affect ___________.

The junction b/w an axon terminus and muscle.

Motor end plates utilize ___________ neurotransmitters.

The 3 functional units of the nervous system.

The pattern of dendritic development is a reflection of ____________.

Maintains the functional integrity of the cellular processes; has great metabolic burden.

The size of the cell body reflects ___________.

Extensive roughER in neurons is required for synthesis of __________, which is proteins and glycoproteins utilized in the maintenance of axonal and dendritic structure and function.

Communication b/w cellbody and axon is through ____________, which can be... (3)

____________ and ___________ makes the neuron particularly susceptible to injury.

If integrative function of one neuron is lost, the function of the __________ is altered.

Depolarization events jump b/w _____________.

Schwann cells are in the _________; oligodendroglia are in the _________.

Neuroglia are... (5)

Palm-like cytoplasmic extensions progressively wrap around axonal processes, excluding cytoplasmic content.

_____________ a predominant membrane lipid constituting myeline that is an excellent insulator.

In the CNS, ___________ stabilizes the multilamellar structure of myeline.

In the CNS, ____________ plays a role in induction of myelination.

With __________, action potentials are restricted to exposed portions of the axon, or Nodes of Ranvier.

With saltatory conduction, currents lower the membrane potential and activate ____________ at the next __________, leading to ____________.

What are the advantages of saltatory conduction? (2)

Functions of schwann cells. (3)

Schwann cells produce __________ and _________, effectively creating...

The schwann cell:axon ratio in myelinated fibers is _____, which is important for ___________.

Regeneration of an axon (reinnervation) is only successful if there is...

Schwann cells in the PNS are the functional equivalent of _________ in the CNS.

Myelination occurs late in fetal life and early into the post-natal period, thus...

Myelin can be replaced because __(2)__ retain the ability to proliferate.

Neuroectodermal derivative which retains the ability to replicate in the CNS.

__________ provide structural support to nervous tissue parenchyma via their extensive ___________.

__________ may fill in or delineate tissue defects in the CNS, forming scar tissue.

Functions of astrocytes. (4)

Astrocytes form a syncytium with other astrocytes via _________ in their cytoplasmic processes; thus, they are able to have...

Astrocytes directly support neuronal signal transduction by... (3)

__(2)__ form the blood brain barrier.

Resident macrophages of the brain and are unique amongst glial elements in that they are derived from mesenchyme.

Microglia have a key role as _________.

Cellular components of the grey matter of the CNS. (4)

Cellular components of the white matter of the CNS. (4)

Components of the PNS. (2)

Ganglia/plexus of the PNS are composed of... (2)

Nerve fibers of the PNS are composed of... (3)

_____________ occurs as ingrowth during embryogenesis and is necessary for nutrition and waste removal.

Doe grey or what matter have more vascularization and metabolic activity?

The BBB is permeable to... (2)

The BBB is impermeable to... (2)

What is the anatomic basis for the BBB?

The basal lamina upon which the endothelium of the BBB rest is surrounded by ____________.

Functions of CSF. (3)

The __________ is responsible for CSF production.

The choroid plexus is composed of specialized structures in the...

Choroidal epithelia are specialized ___________ responsible for CSF production.

Capillaries of the choroid plexus have __________ endothelium, with __________ of the choroidal epithelium, creating the blood-CSF barrier.

For CSF production, _______ is actively transported into the ventricular system by the ___________, carrying __(2)__ along with it; __(2)__ are actively transported out of CSF.

What are the functions of CSF? (3)

The _______ of the brain and the ________ of the spinal cord contain CSF.

CSF is resorbed in the _________.

Describe the flow of CSF from where it is produced to the spinal cord.

The subarachnoid space is created by the _________.

The tough fibrous connective tissue covering that protects the brain and spinal cord from penetrating injury and forms the periosteum of the interior surface of the cranial vault.

The deicate collagen and reticular fibers that send supportive trabeculae to the pia mater.

What are the 2 components of the leptomeninges?

Layer of the meninges that is intimately associated with the surface of the brain and spinal cord.

The subarachnoid space is b/w the _________ and _________ and is filled with _________.

Glial cells of neuroectodermal origin that have apical cilia that cause the continuous movement of CSF into the subarachnoid space.

_________ lined by ependymal cells extend into the dorsal sagittal sinus, permitting the resorption of CSF.

The perivascular space is where ____________ occurs.

The CNS corollary to lymphatics of other organ systems.

The perivascular space is potential space b/w the _________ and the __________.

Why does the CNS lack a classical lymphatic draining system, and how does it overcome this?

Due to the BBB, vascular leakage in the CNS occurs only in association with...

Finger-like extensions of the arachnoid membrane that project into large venous sinuses; cells contain valve-like pores to permit unidirectional flow of material from the subarachnoid space into venous circulation.

_________________ is the primary determinant of CSF pressure.

Clusters of arachnoid villi.

CSF passing along cranial nerves and spinal nerve roots, going into lymphatics does not play a major role in CSF pressure; it does, however, play a major role in...