3 Ling 204

There are differences at even the level of formal language

• Different places/varieties est. by different people with different backgrounds
• Barriers/isolation let langs develop differently
• Different varieties are in contact with different langs

• 450 AD different parts of England settled/conquered by Germanic tribes/regions (Angles, Saxons, Mutes)
• 800-1000 North influenced by Norse invaders
• 1066 onward: French influence (esp. in uppercase)
• Later London/Oxford/Cambridge become the prestige dialect which influences others

The post 1500's colonization/exploration period

Normans, then upper class through land confiscation

Very distinct local variety, maybe moves closer to England English once they share royalty

Came from the settling of mostly SW English and SE Irish

• East Anglia
• Southern England
• Northern England, N. Ireland
• US midland, New England
• The dialects spread west and the boundaries blur
• Some other inputs (Scots English in Cape Breton Island)

New England

US coastal south midland

Appalachia

Central Canada

• Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
• Largely settle from southern England with some other inputs (Scots English in Southern New Zealand)
• Differences developed due to separation

• Associated with Bram Kachru but not everyone finds the distinctions useful
• Consists of inner, outer and expanding circle

US, Canada, England, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, countries where English is the official Lang/the first Lang of most people

Former colonies of UK or US where English still plays a main role despite not being the first language of most

Places where English plays a role as a foreign or shared language

• Pronunciation: especially vowels
• Occasional grammatical differences: I have just eaten vs I just ate
• Many lexical (word) differences

Physical, linguistic or social

• Actual barriers to travel
• Newfoundland English: Big island in N. Atlantic
• Retention of traditional language features: I loves it, I'm after hearing that

• Islands of language in a sea of another
• Québec French is surrounded by English
• Retains traditional features
• Some effects of contact with English

• Prejudice, distrust and difference
• African Nova Scotian English: limited integration between African English and whites
• Retains traditional features

• Limited education, media
• Limited in-migration- nobody bringing in innovations from "home" community

Difference between how people think about space and "real" (Euclidean) space

• Easier to get to, similar
• These are expected to have more linguistic sharing

• Physical, social, linguistic boundaries causing isolation
• It seems different, we see their inhabitants ants different from "us"

• Named
• Attributed particular characteristics
• Often inhabitants are socially distinct
• An area (and its dialect) can become perceived as distinct-Enregisterment

Linguistics formed become linked with social meaning

• When the region needs/wants to mark itself off
• -Distinct from neighboring and immigrant dialects
• -Fear of losing identity
• When people migrate from on region to another
• -Southern to Northern US
• -Differences are noted
• -Migrants are often poor/stigmatized
• -Migrant neighborhoods-chinatowns

• Dialects in contact
• Distinctive features disappear

Speakers of small dialects adopt features from the nearest large city

• Often talked about, but they're really just changing
• -Some features die out without the dialect leveling with others
• Sometimes local features make a comeback
• 1855 people thought the telegraph and steam engine would wipe out dialects entirely

A term used to describe English dialects where the /r/ following a vowel is pronounced. Also known as r-ful

A way of identifying vowels using a set of words where they occur as opposed to a linguistic symbol

A pure vowel sound, spoken in a single place of articulation, with no change in quality, for example bat as a opposed to bite

A phonological process found in Canadian English (and some other varieties) where the MOUTH and PRICE vowels are pronounced differently when preceding a voiceless consonant in the same syllable, in words like hike and stout

When the pronunciation of a single word becomes a stereotype of a speech community, such as Jamaicans saying mon instead of man

A grammatical means of describing a (usually recent) completed event in Irish (and consequently Newfoundland) English

Made into a concrete thing

A norm or target that speakers unconsciously orient to, with a sort of hidden positive evaluation that speakers give to other (presumably non-standard) forms. The linguistic equivalent of street cred

When speakers use language features or linguistic styles associated with another ethnic group

The study of regional differences in language

An acronym for "Non-Mobile Older Rural Males" These speakers are believed to have retained the most traditional speech and are consequently the focus of many dialectology studies

An imaginary boundary or line drawn on a map that separates particular ling features, like the line across England separating northerners who pronounce STRUT and FOOT vowels roughly the same from southerners who dont

Many isoglosses occurring in the same area, likely representing a major dialect boundary