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Diocletian
- emperor from late 200s
- 284-301
- divided the roman empire into a new form of gov org called tetrarchy
- resulted in civil war
- attempted to reform empire in other ways such as decree of max prices
- last main state prosecutor of christians
after he died 4 ->2 provinces
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Jerome
- early 400s
- catholic priest, doctor of church
- one of the Cappadocian fathers
- created the Vulgate Latin translation of the bible
- dream where he was accused of <3 Cicero+
- Struggled to reconcile Christianity w/ classical culture - aided preservation of classical culture
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Benedict of Nursia
- italian monk early 500s
- father of the benedictine monastery/western monasticism
- moderation/practicality
- order of monastic day, purpose of community
- provided directory for the gov & spiritual/material well-being of a monastery
- preserved classical latin lit, edu
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Justinian I
- mid 500s
- collected/revised roman laws
- Corpus Juris Civillis bult on Theodosian Code
- ->foundation for most of euro law
- established state control of the Church (Ceasaropapism)
- aggressive building campaign
- sought to reconquer lost territory in w
- paved way for emergence of Byzantine empire
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al-Andalus
- Muslim spain
- Umayyad dynasty 600-700s (661-750)
- cultural exchange b/w christians, jews
- maj edu center
- sig advancements in science, math, medicine
- translated/protected elements of classical world
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Clovis
- Late 400s (466-511)
- founder of the Merovingian dynasty
- he ruled through cooperation w/ local lords and added courts
- converted to Christianity on battlefield and responsible for mass conversion of his armies
- unified relg among what would be fr/gr ppl
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Gregory of Tours
- late 500s (538-595)
- wrote history of the Franks*and hist of merovingian dynasty
- wrote on miracles of lives of saints
- promoted organized devotion
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Donation of Constantine
- 8th c
- a forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.
- support of claims of political authority by the papacy
- pope vs. Byzantine emipire
- close relationship of carolingians and papacy
- set stage for later church/state struggles
- pope = ruler in secular relm
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Pepin III (the short)
- cooperated w/ pope to displace last Merovingian king
- king of Carolingian dynasty (franks) 8th c
- (751-768)
- close relationship with papacy, set stage for later struggles,
- Donation of constantine
- aided pope against lombards in Italy
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missi dominici
- admin change during reign of Charlemagne (turn of 9th century)
- clergyman and layman each had an area: capitularies
- joins relg and secular authority
- missus performed important intermediary functions b/w royal & local administrations.
- 4 reasons why missi effective as instruments of the centralized monarchy:
- the personal character of the missus,
- yearly change,
- isolation from local interests
- & free choice of the king
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Alcuin of York
- late 700s (735-804)
- English religious scholar/poet
- Carolingian court under Charlemagne
- most important architects of the Carolingian Renaissance
- copied important texts, handwriting
- introduced the traditions of Anglo-Saxon humanism into western Europe.
- introduced the methods of English learning into the Frankish schools
- revision of the liturgy of the Frankish church (influence in the devel of Rom Cath. in w euro)
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Carolingian miniscule
- calligraphy script that standardized euro latin writing to facilitate readability among the literate class.
- punctuation
- upper case/lower case letters
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Louis the Pious
- Turn of the 9th c (778-840)
- not as effective as daddy C
- ruler of Carolingian empire, King of Aquitaine (781), King of the Franks, co-Emperor w/ his father Charlemagne, of HRE (813).
- defended sw frontier from muslims/invaders
- defended christianity
- Tresaty of Verdun 855 would divide L the P's kingdom among his feuding sons, weakening the empire.
- decentralization continues...
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Lechfeld
- battle (955)
- part of hungarian invasion of euro
- deceive victory for Otto I
- contained hungarian invasions of w euro
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Theophano
- byzantine empress
- 10th c
- served as regent during minority of sons
- promoted culture/scholasticism
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Augustine of Hippo
- 300s-400s (354-430)
- dr. of church
- wrote City of God in aftermath of sack of city of rome
- emanation of history and society
- wrote to: understand collapse of rome, relationship of church/state, Christianity/euro, and gov/society
- argues that there are 2 cities, Jerusalem and Babylon that are bound together and are inseparable
- med culture, classical, roman c trad blended
- shockingly influenced by Manichaeism (neoplato)
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Augustine of Canterbury
- early 600s
- sent by Gregory in 597 to convert eng to christ
- converted eng king Ethlebert
- founder of eng church
- king gave him land to found a monastery outside city walls.
- A went on to become a bishop.
- Wrote St. Augustine gospels.
- eng kingdom very loyal to papacy
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Synod of Whitby
- called by Oswy 664
- decided which form of christ would be official in Northumbria and by extension all of eng.
- oswy declared himself king of eng.
- +org, +churches
- apostolic succession
-
Bede the Venerable
- late 600s
- 673-735
- became intellectual leader of euro.
- conveyed trad wisdom to +ppl
- eclisiastical hist of eng ppl
- during his lifetime he provide historical account of eng
-
Wessex
- early 800s
- west saxons expanded w word and by 802 encompassed all of eng south of themes river and west of sussux and kent
- sys of shires established.
- King Alfred of wessex, scholar, protected from vikings.
- paid danes to leave wessex. last eng holdout
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Alfred the Great
- scholar/patron of learning, catholic
- king of wessex late 800s (871-899)
- protected from vikings,
- paid danes to leave
- dominant ruler of eng
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Vassal
- entered into mutual obligation to lord
- feudal oath, fiefs' pieces of property
- problem: v's owed loyalty to immediate overlord, not king
- socio-pol arrangement
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Manor
- econ basis of feudal society
- unit of land in feudal lordship
- worked by serfs/peasant laborers owned by landlords
- decentralization of w euro
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Communes
ppl living together sharing property/interests
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