Bio midterm

The theory that explains how proto-eukaryotes obtained mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing ancestral prokaryotes. The symbiotic relationship between the mitochondria and chloroplasts lead to eukaryotes through endosymbiosis.

• Mitochondria share similar traits to bacteria, such as having circular DNA and containing circular DNA and replicating via binary fission
• Chloroplasts share similar characterisitics to photocyanobacteria

Oh Dear Please Take Care

• Ordovician: destruction of 50% animals. Trilobites
• Deconian: 30% of animal families. Fishes and trilobites
• Permian: 60% animal families including marin insects, amphibians, and trilobites
• Triassic: 35% animals. Most of dinosaurs
• Cretaceous: Last of the dinosaurs. 50% of animal families

• variation in populations
• variation is heritable
• more offspring are born than survive
• those who survive are best suited to their environment

• geographic isolation (allopatric and sympatric)
• Reproductive isolation
• gene flow
• genetic drift

where the population in species are physically isolated from one another by by geographic barries

speciation as a result of competing resources. Organisms must then find their own NICHES. The driving factor is resource partitioning.

• He developed the hierarchical system of taxonomy based on their morphological features.
• The use of binomial nomenclature is still used today Genus species

• Kingdom = -ia, -a, -ae
• phlyum (division) = -yta, -phyta
• Class = -opsida
• Order= - ales
• Family = -aceae, -osae

• Cell wall: Archaea and bacteria differ in cell wall composition with archaea containing psuedopeptidoglycan and bacteria containing peptidoglycan. 
• Growth & reprod: archaea reproduce and grow only through binary fission whereas bacteria may reproduce thorugh binary fission and spores
• Archaea and bacteria also differ in RNA with most archaea having a closing relations hip to eukarya
• Habitat: archaea may live in extreme environments these are known as "extremophiles" whereas bacteria live ubiquitously (everywhere)

Eukarya is referring to the domain of organisms that contain membrane bounded nucleus whereas eukaryota is the informal term for eukaryotic cells

• eukaryotic flagella are made out of bundles of microtubules covered by the cell membrane. They are merely an extension of the cell surface
• prokaryotic flagella is composed of globular protein filaments that are attached to the cell surface

• partial spirals that is a transition from spirals to coils
• cholera
• 

Bacillis

• -ia
• -ae
• -a

• -yta
• -phyta

-opsida

• -aceae
• -osae

• pathogenic bacteria fall under two categories depending on where they secrete poisons (exotoxins and endotoxins)
• exotoxins: when bacteria secretes protein based poisons
• endotoxins: when bacteria release liposaccharides from the outer membrane which target cell walls and rbeaks them down. Usually are gram negative bacteria

• are a type of obligate parasitic eukaryote that infect through specialized cells called sporozoites which contain a complex of organelles that penetrate the cell wall and tissue of its host
• 

• amoebozoa
• contians pseudopodias which are extensions that from the cell surface that aids in anchoring

all alveolata contain membrane bound sacs

• The three most prominant alveolata are:
• dinoflagellates
• apicomplexoms
• diatoms

• Dinoflagelletes contain cellulose plates and are usually adrift on water surfaces.
• They are responsible for producing red tide bloons

• diatoms
• unicellular algae
• made out of silicon dioxide matrix. Becuase of their strong structure, they can withstand extreme pressures
• they are highly diverse and decompose on the sea floor

The Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate protozoa. They include a variety of common free-living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. There are two main subgroups, the euglenids and kinetoplastids

Rhodophytes (AKA red algae)

• red pigment due to phycoerythrin that is higher in concentration than chlorophyll
• multicellular
• dependent on water currents to fertilize gametes

a family of green algae

• Charophyta
• a family of green algae that most closely resembles land plants

• Phaephyta (a brown algae)
• contains analogous plant body like structures called a thallus which serves as an anchor as well as the site of photosynthesis

• Alveolata, Cilipohora
• ex) paramecium
• The ciliates are a group of protozoans characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to eukaryotic flagella, but in general shorter and present in much larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella.

Chrysophyta (golden algae)

• Pyrrophyta are photosynthetic species, however, whereas others are not. They come in a variety of shapes and sizes and the photosynthetic species have golden-brown or yellowish-green chloroplasts. They can synthesize both types of chlorophyll , type a and type c, and contain high levels of carotenoids (yellow pigments). Some Pyrrophyta, such as Gymnodium and Gonyaulax are dinoflagellates responsible for red tides and secrete neurotoxins that cause massive fish death.
• Dinoflagelletes fall under this family

• reproduce and grow
• responds to its environment
• requires energy
• most have mobility
• maintain homeostasis

• dna
• ribosomes
• cell membrane

the expected number of anticipated

by taking thie

cyanobacteria

the upper layers of the

euksryotes contain chloroplasts rather than chlorophylls .ethey are much more efficient in metabolising snd ir able to live in diverseenvironments

during rhe cambrianexplosion there qas a mass diversificstion of organissm by the chsnge in cephalizarion . rgganisms during the pre camnrian era whad radisl symmetry whearas post csmbrian organisms had nilareral symmetrry

radial symmetry is less efficenrt than bilateral symmetry

shale