Neuropath- Part 5

Inflammation is characterized by increased ___________ with leakage of __________, often accompanied by ______________.

Inflammation of the grey matter of the brain.

Inflammation of the white matter of the brain.

Inflammation of the spinal cord.

Inflammation of the peripheral nerve.

Inflammation of a nerve root.

Suppurative exudate contains ____________; it occurs due to __________; there may be accompanying ___________.

Non-suppurative exudate contains __(2)__; it occurs due to... (3)

Granulomatous exudate is __________ of ___________; occurs in the CNS due to __(2)__.

Eosinophilic exudate occurs with ___________.

Fibrinous exudate reflects a ___________ insult, which may suggest certain _____________.

_____________ are the accumulation of cells in the perivascular space and may be the result of __________.

Infiltrating cells associated with perivascular cuffs include... (4)

Cellular efflux results in perivascular cuffs when _________ attempt to move back into circulation, but this process is compromised b/c of their ____________, therefore they accumulate in the perivascular space.

Why is a spinal tap diagnostic for CNS inflammation but not localizing of the lesion?

The specialized lymphatic vessels lining the dural sinuses drain to the ______________, where immune responses can be primed.

What are risks associated with having the potential to initiate and maintain immune/inflammatory responses in the CNS? (2)

Tissue-specific antigens are sequestered in the CNS during _____________; inappropriate presentation of these antigens to the immune system can result in _____________.

How does the CNS support inflammatory responses and avoid undue damage in the process? (3)

__(2)__ of the CNS are invisible to the immune system due to their poor expression of MHC.

MHC I may be induced in __(2)__.

MHC II may be induced in _________.

__(2)__ are the major APC of the NS.

__(2)__ are a good place for intracellular infectious agents to persist in the CNS.

What is the most common route of infection for CNS inflammation?

Infectious organisms localize wherever __________ is high and __________ is small, such as in the... (4)

Factors affecting distribution of infectious agents. (2)

Neural distribution of infectious agents occurs by ___________; 2 examples of agents that use this methods include...

Direct extension of infectious agents from surrounding structures occurs near the __________ and extension from the _____________.

2 ways bacterial infection is spread.

Suppurative meningitis is secondary to  ____________; it is generally a disease of _____________ animals, which as those with __(2)__.

With suppurative meningitis, _______ infectious particles are __________ aggregated by antibody and ___________ distributed in circulation to ____________.

Organ systems commonly affected by suppurative meningitis include... (3)

A CNS lesion associated with suppurative meningitis is ______________; exudate is __(2)__.

____________ associated with suppurative meningitis occurs due to increased intracranial pressure, which is exacerbated by periventricular encephalitis and/or choroiditis, which directly ____________.

With meningoencephalitis, seeding of the CNS structures is by __________ particles that are __________ distributed in circulation; there is __________ of antibody aggregation.

The primary site of infection is more/less readily defined with meningoencephalitis than with suppurative meningitis.

Extension of meningoencephalitis to involve the brain is facilitated by ________________.

With meningoencephalitis, the agent may have a tropism for __________, thus promoting __(3)__.

Infectious agent of bovines that has a tropism for brain endothelial cells.

With CNS abscess formation, _______ infectious particles are ___________ distributed in circulation; this may reflect the addition of ________ to the emboli.

The primary site of infection with CNS abscess formation is often the ___________ due to ____________.

With CNS abscessation, infection does not spread beyond the ___________, which is ________ by _________.

With a brain abscess, the thin fibrous capsule may _______ with ________, leading to... (3)

_____________ may represent a sequel to bacterial meningoencephalitis.

What are the 3 syndromes associated with Listeria monocytogenes?

____________ permits overgrowth of Listeria, which enters branches of the _________ when eaten.

Ascension of Listeria organisms from the __________ to the brainstem occurs via ____________, inciting __________.

Brainstem lesions associated with Listeriosis are ______________, __________ formation, and _____________.

What are the 2 requirements for a cell type to support viral replication?

With hematogenous viral spread to the CNS, viral particles are carried by __________ across the BBB, where they infect ___________; this is followed by direct infection of the ___________ and are shed in _______ to spread to the rest of the NS.

What is required to create successful infection with retrograde axonal transport of viral particles?

A virus that can infect neural cells under natural conditions.

Virus that is capable of entering the CNS from peripheral sites.

Virus that is capable of spreading through CNS and thus causing disease.

A neurotropic virus with a low degree of neuroinvasiveness but a high degree of neurovirulence. [specific pathogen]

A neurotropic virus with a high degree of neuroinvasiveness and neurovirulence.

Increased __(2)__ is observed in neonates because... (3)

Viral gene infection resulting in death of the host cell.

______________ typifies persistent infection; ______________ is characteristic of latent infection.

RNA viruses replicating in the cytoplasm cannot undergo ____________.

What is the result of toxic effects of viral genes at low level expression?

Cytopathic infection leads to _____________; therefore, ___________ is a continuum; the precise relationship is defined by _________.

Viruses that exhibit non-cytopathic infection in differentiated cells, but exhibit cytopathic infection in dividing cells.

Cytopathic/lytic viral infection may result in __(2)__.

Describe how cytopathic viral infection can lead to indirect damage of the CNS.

Highly inflammatory lesions due to viral infection result in the production of _________, which enhances microglial activation and __________, which can lead to ___________;

Vascular lesions associated with viral infection can lead to __(4)__; the mechanism of damage involves... (2)

General features of virus infected tissues. (3)

Viral clearance is ________-mediated; clearance is correlated to a _________ activity and can occur without _____________.

Accumulations of viral protein or mucoprotein in the nucleus or cytoplasm of target cells.

Derivative of nucleoli and arise to supplement nucleolar function to support the increased metabolic demand placed upon cells by virus replication.

CDV is caused by a __________ and it is a __________ disease; the extent of tissue destruction mediated by virus gene expression is a reflection of __(2)__.

With CDV, initial virus replication is in ________ tissues of the __________, which leads to ________ with seeding of ________ of the body; virus replication results in __________.

In what cells does CDV replicate?

What is the key to viral shedding with CDV?

___________ is the common cause of presenting clinical signs of CDV.

3 types of clinically evident CDV CNS infections.

Acute encephalopathy associated with CDV is a ______________; it occurs in _________ animals that lack _________ from _________.

Describe the appearance of acute encephalopathy associated with CDV. (4)

Subacute encephalitis caused by CDV is a ____________; it occurs in __________ animals that have a __________ but are ___________.

With subacute encephalitis caused by CDV, progression of virus through nervous tissue is ___________, and as a result, infection of ___________ is apparent, clinically apparent CNS involvement may develop, including __(3)__.

How does CDV cause periventricular demyelination?

Delayed onset encephalitis caused by CDV is known as __________; what are the 2 theories of pathogenesis?

What features of old dog encephalitis are relatively constant? (2)

Lesions of old dog encephalitis are characterized by... (4)

Rabies virus infection results in ________________ with formation of ____________.

Rabies virus initial viral replication is at the site of _________; prior to the completion of this stage, ___________ may suppress __________.

If point of entry of Rabies is by aerosol, initial replication takes place in ____________; if by bite wound, initial replication is in ___________ and ___________.

After initial viral replication of rabies, virus enters ______________ and ascends to the associated _________ by ____________ transport; this allows the virus to be _______________.

How does rabies virus get to the mandibular salivary gland for viral shedding?

What makes up the clinically observed incubation time/eclipse phase of rabies infection?

Describe the onset of clinical signs associated with rabies infection. (3)

Location of viral inclusion Negri bodies in carnivores and herbivores.

Les virulent strains of rabies virus will be stalled due to their tendency to _____________; this can lead to ________ restriction and _________ rabies; with this, there is decreased __(2)__.

What is "post-vaccinal rabies"?

How is rabies diagnosed? (4)

Equine herpes myeloencephalitis is a _________ infection of ___________; it is caused by ____________.

Equine herpesvirus 1 subtype 1 has a tropism for ____________ of ____________; infection of these cells results in ___________ with ___________.

Grossly, what does equine herpes myeloencephalitis look like?

Diagnosis of equine herpes myeloencephalitis is by...