9 Psy 101

Familiar events are familiar and already have expectations associated with them, which means that making new conditioning difficult

• If connections linking the Amygdala and the Midbrain are disrupted a rat does not show its behavioral freezing response
• If connections between the Amygdala and the Thalamus are severed the Autonomic responses associated with fear cease

Develop a mechanism to learn what food is poisonous and what isnt

• Have rapid learning that occurs in one or two trials.
• Have conditioning that acne take place over very long intervals, perhaps up to several hours because toxic foods don't always affect them immediately
• Develop an aversion to the smell or taste of the food rather than its ingestion
• Have learned aversions occur more often with new foods than familiar ones

They realized that their bodies were having an aversion to the last foods they ate before treatment and started giving them unusual candies before chemo

A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others

A type of learning where the consequences of an organisms behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future

Eye blinking conditioning

Fear conditioning

Behaviorists such as John B. Watson

A foundation for a model of human behvior

No higher level functions, such as thinking or awareness needed to be invoked to understand behavior

Turned out to be more complex and more interesting than the simple association between a CS and a US that behaviorists believed in

Setting up expectations and is sensitive to the degree the CS functions as a genuine predictor of the US, indicating that classical conditioning can involve some degree of cognition

Each species is biologically predisposed to acquire particular CS-US associations based on its evolutionary history

Is not an arbitrary mechanism that merely forms associations. Rather it is a sophisticated mechanism that evolved precisely because it had adaptive value

Exercise in pairing neuronal stimulus with a meaningful event or stimulus.

Paired a neural tone (a CS) with a meaningful act: dinnertime (a US)

The pairing of a CS and US during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning eventually allows the CS, all by itself to elicit a response called a conditional response (CR)

• They are mental representations of the physical features of the environment.
• They are a challenge because that would mean that rats aren't just being conditioned

Something that is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future

A mental representation of the physical features of the environment

They caused people to ignore red flags because they considered him trustworthy

The release of dopamine as a reward system in the brain encourages reinforcment

It will forage for food. If it finds food in the right half of a T maze it will check the left half of a T maze next. It will also remember that there is no food in the right because it already ate it

highlight the operation of a neural reward center that impacts learning

Cognitive, neural or evolutionary mechanisms. However as with classical conditioning this approach turned out to be incomplete

A process where behaviors are reinforced and therefore become more likely to occur, where complex behaviors are shaped through reinforcement, and where contingencies between actions and outcomes are critical in determining how an organism's behaviors will be displayed

Clear cognitive components: Organisms behave as though they have expectations about outcomes of their actions and adjust their actions accordingly.

Override the trial by trial feedback that usually influences learning

• Evolutionary biology.
• Some things are relatively easily learned and others are difficult, the history of the species is usually the best clue as to which will be which

A condition where learning takes place by watching actions of others

When a preschooler was allowed to watch an adult abuse a Bobo doll they were twice as likely to copy those actions (observational learning)

A process where individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior and then serve as a model from which other individuals learn the behavior

They may play a critical role in the imitation of behavior as well as the prediction of future behavior

Chimps raised around humans were much more likely to show specific observational learning than chimps who didn't

cognitive mechanisms such as attention, perception, memory or reasoning

Evolutionary biology and for the most basic of reasons: it has survival value.

Social and cultural consequences, as it appears to be well suited for transmission of novel behaviors across individuals

Observational learning, and many of the same brain regions are active during observation and performance of a skill.

Parts of the brain that are involved in action

Edward Tolman

Just important to memorize yo

Ullrich Neisser

• A term first used by Ulrich Meister in the 1960s to describe a new area of psychological inquiry
• Cognition refers to all processes where the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered and used
• Concerned with these processes even when they operate in the absence of relevant stimulation, as in images and hallucinations
• Vague description lets it be involved in everything a human could do