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Simple (closed) Fracture:
- Bone is broken
- No external wound is present
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Compound (open) Fracture:
- Bone breaks and punctures through the skin
- Results in an increased risk of infection
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Comminuted Fracture:
- Fragmented bone
- Fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces or fragments
- Can be splintered or crushed
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Greenstick Fracture:
The bone breaks on one side and bends on the other, instead of breaking in 2
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Incomplete Fracture:
Involves a break with only partial disruption in the continuity of the bone….in contrast, to a complete fracture where there’s a full disruption.
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When the bone is broken & has injured some internal organExample= rib fracture where lung is pierced
complicated fracture
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involves a fracture line that is diagonal or slanted
oblique fracture
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fracture line is at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the bone
transverse fracture
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a twisting fracture line from a torsional force
spiral fracture
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healing time for UE and LE
- UE: 6-12 weeks
- LE: 12-30 weeks
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Closed Reduction
non-surgical
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Surgical = Four primary types of interventions:
- ORIF
- Intermedullary Nailing
- External Fixation
- Hemiarthroplasty (Joint Replacement)
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external fixation
- Used to set bones when a cast would not allow proper alignment of the fracture…often used with open fractures
- Holes are drilled into uninjured areas of bones around the fracture and special bolts or wires are screwed into the holes. Outside the body…a rod with special ball-and-socket joints join the bolts to make a rigid support. General anesthesia used for placement…removal often done without anesthesia
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5 stages of healing
- Hematoma forms and osteoclasts resorb damaged bone and tissue
- Formation of granular or fibrocartilage that increases stability of bone fragments
- Formation of callus (~2-6 weeks)
- Ossification and formation of a bony union
- Consolidation and remodeling…bone is reshaped to return to its original form or to perform its intended function (~ 6wks- 1 year)
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malunion
normal time; poor position of healing
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longer time to heal; good position…due to infection, poor vascularization, inadequate immobilization
delayed union
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fails to completely heal Due to vascular and tissue damage, poor alignment, stress to fracture site, infection
nonunion
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