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What is the etiologic agent for the plague?
Yersinia pestis
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Describe Y. pestis microbiologically.
gram neg, non-motile, poor environmental persistence
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What are the reservoirs of Y. pestis?
rats (globally), prairie dogs and squirrels in the US
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Modes of transmission of Y. pestis. (4)
rodent flea bites, aerosol, ingestion of infected animal, direct contact with body fluids of infected individuals
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Ingestion of an infected animal is a common method of transmission for ________; this is an implication for humans because...
domestic cats; they can be exposed to body fluids from their infected cat---> human infection
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___________ in rodent populations forces their fleas to change hosts, causing expansion into _________ and __________.
Large die-off; human occupied areas; Y. pestis infection in humans and their pets
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Y. pestis as a biological weapon is most dangerous as ___________ because...
aerosol; pneumonic plague is highly contagious.
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Presentation for cats with Y. pestis. (3)
submandibular lymphadenitis, fever, cough
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Clinical forms of the plague. (4)
sudden onset fever/malaise/GI signs, bubonic plague, septicemic plague, pneumonic plague
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Most plague cases are ___________, which presents as... (2)
bubonic plague; swollen lymph nodes, black skin
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Septicemic plague is a _________ infection that occurs after a _______ or contact with _________; it is _________.
systemic; flea bite; infectious fluids; life-threatening
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Pneumonic plague is _________ infection after exposure to __________; it leads to ___________.
pulmonary; infectious aerosol droplets; rapid death without treatment
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Prevention and control of the plague. (6)
control rodent hosts and flea vectors, wear long shirt/pants/DEET in impact areas, avoid contact with dead rodents, PPE with suspect animals, prophylaxis, human vaccine
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What is the etiologic agent of cat scratch disease?
Bartonella henselae (most common species implicated)
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Describe Bartonella microbiologically. (3)
gram neg, rod, slow-growing
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What is the most important reservoir of Bartonella for zoonotic transmission?
felines
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Describe the vector-borne transmission of Bartonella.
cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) cat-to-cat
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How is Bartonella transmitted to humans? (2)
scratches or bites from cats, needle sticks (implications for workers in vetmed)
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Describe Bartonella infection in humans.
usually self-limiting benign disease that resolves spontaneously, regional lymphadenopathy, small skin lesions, fever +/- malaise
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Describe Bartonella infection in cats.
usually asymptomatic bacteremia, self-limiting febrile illness
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What are some more serious complications of Bartonella infection in humans? (3)
osteomyelitis, granulomatous hepatitis, granulomatous splenitis [all rare]
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Bartonella can cause serious complications in ____________, including... (4)
immunocompromised individuals; persistent fever, anorexia, bacillary angiomatosis, bacillary peliosis
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Describe prevention and control of Bartonella. (3)
flea control on cats, try not to get bitten/scratched by a cat, wash and disinfection cat-inflicted wounds [all so especially important for immunocompromised people with pet cats]
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