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Style
Intra-speaker ("Within the speaker") variation as opposed to variation across groups
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Intra speaker
Within the speaker. It is the difference between the way a single speaker talks in two or more different situations
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Attention to speech
Labov suggests that different levels of formality result from the am out of attention a speaker pays to the act of speaking. In some activities such as reading aloud, speakers pay more attention to their speech while in others such as talking with friends they are less attentive
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Paralinguistic channel cues
Cues (tempo, pitch, volume, breathe, laughter) that seem to correlate with casual speech
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Audience design
The idea that speakers style shift on the basis of who they are speaking with or who might overhear them, that is, their audience members
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Convergence
Accommodation toward your interlocutors that is, trying to sound more like the people you're talking to
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Divergence
Accommodation away from your interlocutors, that is, trying to sound less like the people you're talking to
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Marker
A variable that speakers are less aware of than a stereotype, but whose use they can control in style shifting
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Indicator
A variable that can show differences by age or social group but is not subject to style shifting
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Hyperstlye variable
A variable where there's more variation within an individual across styles than there is between individuals of different social backgrounds
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Speaker design
Speakers using different styles to present themselves differently
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Register
A variety of language used in a particular social or economic setting, ex. Legal or academic register
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Genre
A category of language use recognized and usually named by the speech community for example crime novel sermon
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Jargon
A register associated with a particular occupation or activity often develops its own special vocab items known as jargon
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Argot
A specialized type of slang often originally with thieves's talk
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Passing
Adopting behaviors from another group in order to be taken as authentic members of that group
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Dragging
When people use features that both they and their audience know are associated with another group
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Crossing
WHen speakers use language features or linguistic styles associated with another ethnic group
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Fleeing
Avoiding linguistic features associated with another social group
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Corpus linguistics
A linguistic research method based on the quantitative analysis of collecions of naturally occurring language data, usually very large
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Corpus (plural corpora)
A collection, usually large of Lang in use that can be adapted to allow linguistic analysis
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