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Asymmetrical bilingualism
A bilingual situation in which the less powerful linguistic groups are expected to adopt the language of the powerful group in order to access education or government services or jobs
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Diglossia
A situation in which two distinctly different language varieties co-exist in a speech community, acting as social registers in which he high variety is used in formal situations and the low variety among friends
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Domain
The social or institutional context of language use
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Societal multilingualism
When multiple languages co-exist in a single community
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Unstable multilingualism
Temporary of fleeting instances of social multilingualism
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Code switching
When people alternate between at least two languages or language varieties in a single conversation (across sentences or clause boundaries) sometimes called code mixing
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Situational code-switching
When code switching is constrained by the social context. AKA domain based code switching
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Metaphorical code switching
When code switching is used as a Sociolinguistic resource rather than just to respond to context
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Matrix language
The dominant language in code switching
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Free morpheme constraint
A proposed constraint on code switching. Simplified version: switching can't happen between bound morpheme, word parts that can't stand on their own
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Equivalence constraint
A proposed constraint on code switching. Simpler version: Switching tends to happen where the sentence structure just before and just after the switch are possible in both languages involved
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Nonce Borrowings
Individual words from another language that are inserted, often being changed to obey the riles of the matrix language
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Multilingualism is the norm
- Most of the world's people live in multilingual societies
- Which probably effects how they think about languages
- Different thresholds for calling yourself multilingual in different societies
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How do societies become multilingual?
- Population movements: immigration, refugees
- Non-linguistic boundary drawing: Colonial situations
- Exogamy: When people marry out of their language group
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Types of multilingual societies
- Individuals are multilingual using different languages for different things
- Society is multilingual but most speakers are monolingual (regionally clustered)
- In between some speakers are multilingual
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Asymmetrical bilingualism
- Less powerful linguistic groups are expected to adopt the language of the more powerful
- The powerful are monolingual but the less powerful aren't
- Common in immigrant socities
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High H Language
- In formal domains, school, literature, news
- To strangers, bosses, teachers
- Largely school learned
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Low L language
- In informal domains, home, schoolyard, market
- To family, close friends, subordinates
- Informally acquired
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What can you do with L and H language?
- L: Lighten up serious conversation; to express that your opinions are common sense; to challenge who owns a domain
- H: To tell kids you really mean it this time; to lead authority in arguments
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Code switching as a skill
- You need to know both languages well to switch fluently
- The opposite of how it's perceived by monolingual who assume people switch because they don't know the right word in one of the languages
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Responses to switching
- Are often negative despite it being a normal means of interaction in some communities
- Outsiders think it shows a lack of skill despite the opposite being true
- People are afraid of being talked about in another language
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