10 Ling 204

A bilingual situation in which the less powerful linguistic groups are expected to adopt the language of the powerful group in order to access education or government services or jobs

A situation in which two distinctly different language varieties co-exist in a speech community, acting as social registers in which he high variety is used in formal situations and the low variety among friends

The social or institutional context of language use

When multiple languages co-exist in a single community

Temporary of fleeting instances of social multilingualism

When people alternate between at least two languages or language varieties in a single conversation (across sentences or clause boundaries) sometimes called code mixing

When code switching is constrained by the social context. AKA domain based code switching

When code switching is used as a Sociolinguistic resource rather than just to respond to context

The dominant language in code switching

A proposed constraint on code switching. Simplified version: switching can't happen between bound morpheme, word parts that can't stand on their own

A proposed constraint on code switching. Simpler version: Switching tends to happen where the sentence structure just before and just after the switch are possible in both languages involved

Individual words from another language that are inserted, often being changed to obey the riles of the matrix language

• Most of the world's people live in multilingual societies
• Which probably effects how they think about languages
• Different thresholds for calling yourself multilingual in different societies

• Population movements: immigration, refugees
• Non-linguistic boundary drawing: Colonial situations
• Exogamy: When people marry out of their language group

• Individuals are multilingual using different languages for different things
• Society is multilingual but most speakers are monolingual (regionally clustered)
• In between some speakers are multilingual

• Less powerful linguistic groups are expected to adopt the language of the more powerful
• The powerful are monolingual but the less powerful aren't
• Common in immigrant socities

• In formal domains, school, literature, news
• To strangers, bosses, teachers
• Largely school learned

• In informal domains, home, schoolyard, market
• To family, close friends, subordinates
• Informally acquired

• L: Lighten up serious conversation; to express that your opinions are common sense; to challenge who owns a domain
• H: To tell kids you really mean it this time; to lead authority in arguments

• You need to know both languages well to switch fluently
• The opposite of how it's perceived by monolingual who assume people switch because they don't know the right word in one of the languages

• Are often negative despite it being a normal means of interaction in some communities
• Outsiders think it shows a lack of skill despite the opposite being true
• People are afraid of being talked about in another language