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Sociology of language
The branch of sociology concerned with language. Unlike Sociolinguistic this approach studies the social contexts of Lange without recourse to analysis of linguistic structure
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Language maintenance
The study of how languages survive, or the continuing use of a (minority) language in the face of a more regionally, socially or politically dominant language
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Language policy
Sometimes used synonymously with language planning, language policy refers to the goals underlying the language planning process
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Language planning
Conscious efforts by government, society organizations, etc. to affect the role and status of languages
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Ethnolinguistic vitality
Rooted in the social psychology of language, this term refers to how widely a language or variety associated with a particular culture or ethnicity is spoken
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Language shift
The gradual replacement of one language by another as the primary language of communication and socialization within a speech community
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Language death
A complete language shift in which the original language is no longer used by anyone anywhere
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Domain
The social or institutional context of language use
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Age grading
WHen differences between age groups repeat as each generation ages, that is when all speakers in a particular community favor a particular variant at one age and then a different variant at another. People sometimes change their (reported) behavior over the years as their life situation changes
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Sapir-Whorf hyptothesis
A theory about language and thought that argues that the way a particular language describes the world actually affects its speakers' view of reality
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Status planning
A type of language planning concerned with choosing between available languages or language varieties and promoting one over another, often including the declaration of an official language
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Official language
A language declared the language of a particular region or country as a result of legislation
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Corpus planning
A the of language planning concerned with choosing between available variants within a language in order to build up that language to the point it can be used for all the requirements of a modern society. AKA language development
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Coining
Creating new words
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Factors that can influence language retention
- 1. Institutional support: Is your language used in education/government/churches/media?
- 2. Power and prestige: Of your language, of other language groups. How much formal power do speakers have? What's the language of important stuff and "cool" stuff?
- 3. Demography: Size of group, dispersion of speakers, marrying out, new speakers arriving?
- 4. Community choices: How important is it to the community, how necessary is it to the community, how much do people want to fit in?
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Shifts happen when
- Socially, old language is used in fewer and fewer domains. Often old language is used for intimacy and new language is used for status
- Shifted happens between generations/language is not transmitted to younger generations
- Individual speakers and families decide which language to use
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Graded intergenerational dislocation scale
- 1. Education, mass media, Nationwide
- 2. Mas media and government, Local/Regional
- 3. Work, Local/Regional
- 4. Transmitted through education, literacy
- 5. Oral and written, all generations
- 6. Oral, all generations; first language of children
- 7. Parents use with grandparents but not with children
- 8. Only grandparent's generation
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Perceived ehtnolinguistic vitality
- Can be affected by local events and contexts
- People who speak a language with a low perceived EV are more likely to shift
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EV and power
Some languages have more economic political and demographic clout
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The shift to English
- Could be linguistic imperialism
- Perceived value of English is high
- The language of some rich powerful countries
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Language planning: what is it?
- "Human intervention into natural processes of language change, diffusion and erosion" -Wardhaugh
- Or the choice to not intervene
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Language planning: Who can do it?
- Governments: Choose official languages status of minority
- Non government groups: Chamber of commerce, corporations
- Churches: Language of religious observations
- Dictionary makers: decide what to include, acknowledge
- Pundits: Columnists, bloggers
- Writers: Choose which language/variety to write in
- Educators: Often expected to enforce language policies
- Publishing industry: Spelling standards
- Independent social or political groups
- Individuals: make language choices
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Language planning: Why do it?
- Many languages, few countries.
- Most countries decide to make official choices
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Language planning ideologies
- Linguistic assimilation: Encourages everyone to learn the dominant language
- Linguistic pluralism: Recognize more than one language
- Vernacularization: Promote an indigenous language to official status
- Internationalization: promote a non-indigenous langage
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Language planning: how to do it?
- Status planning aka language determination: Choosing between available language varieties, the group of the chosen one will often get more political or economic power
- Corpus planning aka language development: Building up a language so it can be used in all domains, for all purposes of a modern society
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Language planning: does it work?
Some success stories, which are often associated with nation building
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