patho exam 4 part 4

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

in wild birds (waterfowl and gulls)

High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) thru waterbirds like ducks and geese

• direct contact w/ sick/dead poultry 
• -inhalation of virus 
• -contact w/eyes of respiratory mucosa w/ contaminated material 
• -water contaminated w/ bird feces 

but routes of transmission isnt clear/proven

2-9 days

• RT-PCR 
• Culture in BSL-3

• sudden onset of fever & cough 
• vomiting, diarrhea, nausea
• rapid progress to severe viral pneumonia 
• -encephalitis (acute inflammation of brain) and gastroenteritis

a variant polymerase chain rxn (PCR) that's commonly used where a RNA strand is reverse transcribed into its DNA complement using enzyme reverse transcriptase 

-resulting cDNA is amplified using PCR.

attached to type II pnemoncytes, alveolar macrophages and ciliated cuboid epithelial cells of the lower respiratory tract

• influenza (1918 outbreak)
•  
• -a major influence on BOTH world wars
• (killed more people in 24 wks than those killed by AIDS in 24 yrs!)

1. another influenza is inevitable 

2. Surveillance of birds (& pigs) may alert us 

3. Serious impact to normal life 

• 4. Pharmaceutical companies reluctant to produce large amounts of vaccine that may
• become obsolete quickly.

5.  300 million doses are made each year but billions would be required for a pandemic

6. If a vaccine is produced, need age of coverage & cost 

7. Research

8. These may blunt affects of next pandemic but not prevent it!

yeast, single cells 

molds, mycelial forms that grow in branching filaments (hyphae) w/ or w/out cross-walls (septa) 

Dimorphic fungi grows as both mycelium and yeast.

-the study of fungi as animal and human pathogens

Inappropiate immune Response 

Toxin Production

Mycoses-growth of fungus in / on the body. (diseases of warm-blooded animals caused by fungi are called mycoses)

-allergic (hypersensitivity) rxn triggered 

-Aspergillus spp. common leaf mold produces potent allergens causing asthma and other allergic rxns

- large diverse group of exotoxins 

- aflatoxins - Aspirgillus flavus (common on improperly stored food)

highly toxic an carcinogenic inducing tumors at high frequency in some animals and esp birds that feed on contaminated grain.

fall into 3 categories and most convenient way of classifying them is to categorize birds that feed on contaminated grain

by fungi (aka dermatophytes) that attack the skin or its appendages (nail,feathers, and hair) 

ex: ringworms, jock-itch and athlete's foot.

the tissues, involving vital organs &/or nervous sys (may be fatal/chronic). Entry into body is thru inhalation of spores/open wounds. 

Blood circulation/respiratory sys may then transmit fungus thruout body and add'l infection of internal organ may occur. These fungi, usually saprotrophic fungi, growing in soil. 

infection occur below skin but remain localized.

organic compounds which have no direct role in major metabolic pathways (that may serve to discourage predators or suppress competition)

exposure must be in airborne spores.

Mycotoxins develop in storage, and remain w/in food after processing and cooking

-direct microscopic examination

-histopathologic studies 

-culture

-serologic testing 

-molecular diagnostics

polysccharies consisting of a mannose backbone w. galactose side groups

cell wall

soil fungus

Aspergillosis

occurs in lungs- spores germinate in lungs and form fungal balls; can colonize sinuses, ear canals, eyelids, and conjunctive

necrotic pneumonia, infections of bran, ♡, and other organs.