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Components of the equine eye exam.
gross exam, menace reflexes, pupillary light reflexes, dilate pupils--> auriculopalpebral nerve block--> anterior segment exam, fundic exam
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What are the components of the anterior segment exam?
adnexa, retropulse globe for third eyelid exam, cornea, anterior chamber, iris, lens
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Shrunken, non-functional eye.
phthisis bulbi
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Enlargement of the eyeball.
Buphthalmos
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Describe how the menace reflex is different in newborn foals.
it is absent in newborn foals... this is normal
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At what eyesight is the menace reflex positive?
20/400
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How do you test the vision in an animal? (3)
menace reflex, cottonball tracking, obstacle course
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What must be intact for a positive dazzle response?
minimal function of the retina- optic nerve is intact to the level of the midbrain
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What is the dazzle response?
when bright light induces squinting
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How do you perform the pupillary light reflex test?
shine a light in one eye and examine both eyes for pupillary constriction (should be bilateral)
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What is direct PLR and consensual PLR?
direct- stimulated pupil constricts; consensual- contralateral pupil constricts
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What drug do you use to dilate the pupils?
tropicamide 1% eye drops
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What CN are you blocking when you do an auriculopalpebral nerve block?
CN VII
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Where do you inject when performing an auriculopalpebral nerve block? (2)
cranial to the base of the ear and over the zygomatic arch
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How do you perform retropulsion of the globe to examine the third eyelid?
retract eyelids while applying digital pressure on the globe
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What are you examining when you perform biomicroscopy/slit lamp exam? (3)
depth/location of corneal and lens opacities, evaluation for aqueous flare, determine depth of corneal ulcers
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What is aqueous flare? What causes it?
abnormal appearance of the beam of light from the slit lamp as it travels through the anterior chambers; light is reflecting off proteins in the aqueous humor, caused by inflammation in the anterior chamber
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What are the components of the posterior segment examination? (5)
retina, optic nerve, vitreous, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy
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_________ ophthalmoscopy is better for routine small animal fundic exam.
Indirect
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What are some special ophthalmologic diagnostic techniques? (5)
culture and susceptibilty, fluorescein staining, cytology, intraocular pressures, nasolacrimal irrigation
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When determining intraocular pressures, be careful...
to NOT touch the globe!
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What are methods of cannulation for nasolacrimal irrigation? (2)
normograde through ocular puncta, retrograde through nasal puncta
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