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Can you palpate the bitch's cervix?
no; her vagina is too long
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Describe the vagina and cervix of the bitch.
vagina is blind-ended; cervical opening is dorsal
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With natural breeding, where is the semen deposited?
in the vagina, but he ejaculates with such force, prostatic fluid is pushed into the uterus
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What can you use to help you locate the external cervical os?
dorsal vaginal fold leads to it
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Characterize the estrus cycle of domestic dogs.
non-seasonal monoestrus
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Time b/w one proestrus and the next.
interestrous interval
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What is the significance of the interestrous interval?
4-12 months when the uterus heals b/w cycles
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When do dogs reach puberty?
2-3 months after reaching adult body size (small dogs reach puberty earlier than large breed dogs); sooner is housed with other cycling bitches
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What are common abnormalities present with the first cycle (why it is not recommended to breed in the first cycle)? (2)
split heat- estrous without ovulation; silent heat- ovulation with estrus
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How long is anestrus in dogs?
~5 months
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How long is proestrus in dogs?
9 days
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How long is estrus in dogs?
9 days
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How long is diestrus in dogs?
2 months whether they are pregnant or not
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How long is the follicular phase in dogs?
18 days (proestrus + estrus)
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Predominant hormone during proestrus.
estrogen
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What is day 0 of the cycle in dogs?
LH surge
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In standing heat, __________ is elevated because of a ____________.
progesterone; pre-ovulatory rise in P4
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How do we define estrus in the dog? (4)
behavior, vaginal cytology, endocrinology, anatomy
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How do you diagnose estrus by vaginal cytology?
estrus is the only time you see cornified cells- superficial and anucleate cells- on cytology
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What cells will you see on vaginal cytology during anestrus?
parabasal and basal cells
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Vaginoscopy is NOT used for ___________.
ovulation timing
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Changes seen during proestrus. (4)
swollen vulva, bloody vulvar d/c, males attracted, mating not permitted
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Does the bitch allow mounting during proestrus?
no
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Changes seen during estrus. (5)
flaccid vulva, blood-straw colored vulvar d/c, flagging, female allows mating, crenulated vaginoscopy
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What is the dominant hormone during estrus?
progesterone
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LH surge occurs within ________ of __________.
1-2days; fuller cornification
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Ovulation is ________ after the LH surge.
~2days
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Bitches ovulate _________; therefore, you should breed her ____________.
primary oocytes; 2 days after ovulation
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How long does dog semen live in the bitch?
11 days
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How long do oocytes live?
4-5 days
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What hormone is dominant during diestrus?
progesterone
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During diestrus, you will see a(n) ___________ on vaginal cytology.
influx of PMNs
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When during the cycle does pseudopregnancy occur?
diestrus
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When should you NOT see neutrophils on vaginal cytology, indicating an inflammatory or infectious process?
estrus
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Signs of pseudocyesis. (3)
mothering inanimate objects, lactation, not actually pregnant
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How long is pregnancy?
57-72 days
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Canine pregnancy is _______- dependent.
CL
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How can you estimate due date by LH surge?
65 days +/- 1 day
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How can you estimate due date based on ovulation?
63 days +/- 1 day
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How can you estimate due date by cytologic diestrus?
57 days +/- 1 day
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Uterine involution lasts at least ________.
120 days
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What stage of the cycle?
diestrus
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What stage of the cycle?
estrus
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What stage of the cycle?
proestrus
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What are the AKC rules for age at breeding?
- dam: 8 months- 12 yr
- sire: 7 months- 12 yr
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What should you check one month before breeding? (5)
complete PE, repro exam (repro conformation, culture), current on vaccines, parasite free, brucellosis screening
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Ovulation can occur _________ from the onset of proestrus.
7-26 days
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Canine sperm cells are viable for up to ________.
7 days
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How do you minimize the number of breedings during estrus?
ovulation timing with vaginal smears
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Why do you breed twice during fertile period?
increases the size of the litter
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________ rises prior to ovulation.
Progesterone
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How do we very predictably determine when the bitch will ovulate?
measure progesterone, which rises right before ovulation
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If using progesterone profile to predict ovulation, ovulation is not confirmed until...
rise of 3-4ng/mL of progesterone is documented.
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How long is the LH surge? Why is this clinically significant?
12-24hrs; LH is an expensive test... it needs to be done once or twice a day to catch the surge (not routinely done....only if using surgical AI or other complicated procedure to breed the bitch)
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When is the fertile period?
day 4-7 of the cycle
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What is the "rule of 2"?
when progesterone is 2, LH peak happens; we assume she ovulates 2 days later (after oocyte has matured); breed again 2 days after that to increase litter size
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Methods of artificial insemination? (3)
intravaginal AI with fresh or cooled semen; transcervical AI with fresh, cooled, or frozen semen; surgical AI with fresh, cooled, or frozen semen
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How does freezing semen affect its viability? Why is this clinically significant?
decreased lifespan to ~12hrs; must be placed directly into the uterus (transcervical AI or surgical AI)
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When do you breed with fresh or cooled semen if doing a double breeding?
day 4 and day 6 OR day 3 and day 5 (in special cases- should be OK because semen lives a long time)
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When do you breed with fresh or cooled semen if doing a single breeding?
day 4 OR day 5 (most fertile)
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What is minitube?
catheter with inflation cuff on the end... inflate balloon to prevent back-flow of semen and mimics the lock of the bulbus glandis (copulatory tie-up) [leave catheter in place for ~5 min.... more expensive than pipet method]
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How do you handle using frozen semen for AI (especially if the sire is dead...valuable semen!!!)?
transcervical or surgical AI; pinpoint ovulation with progesterone and LH panels; breed on day 5 or 6 (or both if you have 2 doses)
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What should progesterone value be on day of ovulation?
≥10 ng/mL
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Describe the microbiological characteristics of Brucella canis.
gram (-) aerobic coccobacillus
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How is Brucella canis contracted?
through mucous membranes- oronasal contact w/ vaginal d/c or aborted materials, seminal fluid, urine, fomites
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Clinical signs of Brucella canis. (5)
abortion, conception failure, enlarged epididymis, scrotal edema, semen morphology abnormalities
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How do you diagnose Brucella canis?
serology screening test (high # of false positive), positives should be re-checked/confirmed with blood culture, Ag testing
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What should you do with a positive Brucellosis animal? (3)
isolation, sterilization (remove reproductive organisms), cull if purely breeding animal
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Is Brucellosis dangerous to people?
YES- immunocompromised, elderly, children, pregnant
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