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________ cases of eastern equine encephalitis appear before ________ cases; ________ are the sentinel for __________.
Equine; human; horses; human disease
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What is the most important vector for the enzootic cycle of EEE?
Culiseta melanura- mosquito
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What are bridge vectors of EEE? (4)
Coquilletidia spp., Aedes spp., Ochlerotatus soo, Culex nigrapalpus [all types of mosquitoes]
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What are dead-end hosts of EEE? (3)
horses, humans, other mammals
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What animal is involved in the life cycle of EEE?
birds
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How long is the incubation period of EEE in humans?
4-10 days
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What are clinical signs of EEE in humans? (9)
fever, myalgia, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, photophobia, [more severe] seizure, coma
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Survival rates of EEE associated with age. (humans)
- young adults- best 70%
- children- lower 60%
- elderly- worst 30%
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How long is the incubation period for EEE in horses?
5-14 days
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Clinical signs of EEE in horses. (8)
fever, anorexia, depression, head pressing, circling, ataxia, paresis/paralysis, death within days
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Clinical signs of EEE in birds. (6)
subclinical in most bird species, depression, tremors, leg paralysis, somnolence, death within 24hrs
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How do you diagnose EEE ante-mortem?
serology [virus neutralization, hemagglutination, ELISA, complement fixation, virus isolation]
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How do you diagnose EEE post-mortem? (4)
virus identified in brain tissue, immunohistochemistry, ELISA, RT-PCR
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How do you prevent EEE infections? (6)
vaccination, source reduction, surveillance, biological control, chemical control (kill mosquitoes), educate public
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West Nile Virus infects... (5)
humans, birds, mosquitoes, horses, and other mammals
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Where was WNV first isolated?
Uganda West Nile District
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What are the possible modes of introduction of WNV in the US? (5)
infected human host, human-transported vertebrate host, human-transported vector, storm-transported vertebrate host, intentional introduction
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What are the vectors of WNV? (3)
Culex*, Aedes, Ochlerotatus [mosquitoes]
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What are the amplifying hosts of WNV?
birds
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What are the incidental hosts of WNV? (3)
horses, humans, other mammals
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How is WNV transmitted b/w mosquitoes?
transovarial
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How is WNV transmitted b/w birds? (2)
contact, migratory transport
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How is WNV transmitted to humans? (6)
direct contact with infected birds, lab acquired, blood transfusion, organ transplant, transplacental, breast feeding
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What is the incubation of WNV in humans?
2-14 days
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What are the 2 forms of disease caused by WNV?
West Nile fever, West Nile neuroinvasive disease
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What is the most common form of disease caused by WNV?
West Nile fever- resembles influenza and resolves in 2-6 days
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What are the 3 syndromes associated with West Nile neuroinvasive disease?
encephalitis, meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis
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How do you diagnose WNV in humans? (2)
serology (serum or CSF), detection of virus/Ag/nucleic acids
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How is WNV treated in humans and horses? (2)
no specific therapy, supportive care
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Clinical signs of WNV in horses. (8)
many asymptomatic, anorexia, ataxia, neural signs, colic, weakness, mortality
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How do you diagnose WNV ante-mortem in a horse?
serology
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How do you diagnose WNV post-mortem in a horse?
virus detection in brain and spinal cord
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What are clinical signs of WNV in ruminants? (3)
neurologic signs, death within 2 days, repro signs (sheep only)
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Clinical signs of WNV in dogs and cats. (4)
many asymptomatic, rarely fever/neuro signs/cardiac signs
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Prevention of WNV. (6)
vaccinate horses (birds extra-label), source reduction, surveillance, biological control, chemical control, educating the public
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