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Mawad
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What viruses are associated with BRD? (5)
BVDV, IBR (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis), PI3 (parainfluenza virus 3), BRSV (bovine respiratory syncytial virus), coronavirus
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What bacteria are associated with BRD? (5)
Manheimmia hemolytica, Pasteruella multocida, Histophilus somnus, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, Mycoplasma bovis
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What are the periods of highest incidence of BRD? (3)
birth to weaning, weaning to market, adult diseases
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How does stress predispose to BRD?
stress induces cortisol, a major homeostatic hormone--> reduces innate/acquired immune responses
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What bacteria are commensal to the upper respiratory tract? (3)
M. hemolytica, P. multocida, H. somnus
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What bacterium is an opportunistic pathogen of the respiratory tract?
A. pyogenes
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What are predisposing factors for BRD? (8)
adverse environment, transportation, surgery, co-mingling, weaning, processing procedures, feed type/quality, dusty environment
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Calves with _________ are at the greatest risk for pneumonia.
diarrhea
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What nutritional deficiencies predispose cows and weaned calves to BRD? (8)
Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, Fe, Vit A, Vit D, Vit E
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What are the functional consequences of ruminant lung anatomy? (3)
minimal lung unit interdependence, no collateral ventilation, well-developed inflammatory response (limited extension)
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What are the major types of respiratory disease? (4)
Neonatal diarrhea/sepsis/bronchopneumonia, Bronchopneumonia (stress/immunity/environment), metastatic pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia
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Neonates often get pneumonia secondary to... (5)
FPTI, Low IgG-->LPS, sepsis, diarrhea
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Neonates that are tube fed or bottle fed are at risk for _________.
aspiration pneumonia
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Bronchopneumonia is generally a(n) ___________ that is initiated by ____________.
secondary bacterial infection; viral infection
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P. multocida causes _____________ that affect the __________ lung lobes, causing...
chronic suppurative bronchopneumonia; cranioventral; firm, sharp areas of demarcation.
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"Shipping fever" is _____________ that affects the __________ lung lobes, causing __________.
acute fibrinous bronchopneumonia; bilateral, cranioventral; interlobular edema
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Describe Mycoplasma pneumonia. (5)
chronic, lymphoid hyperplasia, caseonecrotic bronchopneumonia, nodular, spreads to ears (head tilt)
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Viral pneumonia has a ________ incubation period prior to bacterial infection/proliferation.
3-5 day
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How can an older cow get aspiration pneumonia?
milk fever-down- aspirates rumen content; milk fever- treated with oral calcium/energy- some gets in trachea
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How do you treat aspiration pneumonia? (3)
Dexamethasone OR NSAIDs (reduce inflammation), broad-spectrum antimicrobials (Ceftiofur, oxytet), supportive care (fluids, nutrition, electrolytes)
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What conditions can often be correlated to embolic pneumonia? (5)
mastitis, metritis, rumenitis/liver abscess, endocarditis, lameness
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With metastatic pneumonia, usually there are repeated episodes of _________, and ___________ follows--> __________ develop in the __________, sending it into circulation and to the lungs.
rumenitis; liver abscessation; septic thrombi; caudal vena cava
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Metastatic pneumonia is manifested as... (3)
respiratory disease, weight loss, and thoracic pain.
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Metastatic pneumonia causes... (3)
anemia, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), and melena.
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Describe the treatment of metastatic pneumonia.
[unrewarding] long-term penicillin; once bleeding is evident, there is no point in treating her
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What are causes of interstitial pneumonia? (5)
atypical feedlot interstitial pneumonia, acute bovine pulmonary emphysema, chronic fibrosing, parasitic pneumonia, toxic gases
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What can cause acute bovine pulmonary emphysema (interstitial pneumonia)? (3)
fog fever (lush grass), moldy sweet potatoes, perilla ketones
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Fog fever clinical signs can mimic ___________; the only way to differentiate them is to _________.
hypomagnesmia (grass tetany); take a biopsy
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What causes fog fever ABPE? (pathogenesis)
lush green pastures in fall--> fermentation of L-tryptophan in rumen to 3-methylindole (3-MI)--> 3-MI to lung, metabolized by Clara cells to reactive intermediates--> cell necrosis--> lung inflammation and edema
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What are the classic lesions associated with ABPE? (5)
edema, diffuse alveolar epithelial necrosis, hyaline membrane formation, type II alveolar epithelial cell hyperplasia, +/- multi-nucleate giant cells
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What clinical findings are associated with ABPE? (6)
severe dyspnea, expiratory grunting, foam from mouth/nostrils, head/neck extended, soft respiratory sounds no auscultation, NO COUGHING
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Describe treatment for ABPE. (2)
palliative- Banamine, monensin or lasalocid (bind tryptophan)
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What do you see on histo with atypical interstitial pneumonia?
multi-nucleate giant cells (syncytia) [BRSV]
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Why do moldy sweet potatos cause ABPE?
4-ipomeanol is a potent lung toxicant
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What causes verminous pneumonia?
lung worms- Dictyocaulus viviparous
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Verminous pneumonia is __(2)__ pneumonia.
alveolar and interstitial
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Describe the life cycle of D. viviparous.
[direct life cycle] adults live in airways and lay eggs--> larvae coughed up and swallowed--> larvae passed in feces--> L3 on grass are eaten
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When do you start seeing clinical signs with D. viviparous?
when larvae penetrate alveoli
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D. viviparous causes ______________ consolidation of pneumonia.
caudoventral
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What are clinical signs of lungworms? (5)
coughing, tachypnea, anorexia, harsh lung sounds on auscultation, expiratory grunting
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What is common after treatment of lungworms?
re-infection syndrome when cattle are introduced to infected pastures
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How do you diagnose lung worms? (2)
Baermann sedimentation of feces, trans-tracheal wash
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How do you treat D. viviparous? (3)
Levamisole phosphate, Ivermectins, Benzimidazoles
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