-
incidence rate
number of new cases/population total x1000
-
prevalence rate
number of existing cases/population total x 1000
-
crude mortality rate
number of deaths/population total x 1000
-
infant mortality rate
number of infant deaths before 1 year of age in a year/number of live births x 1000
-
attack rate
number of people exposed to a specific agent who develop the disease/ total number of people exposed
-
behavioral theory
use of reinforcement methods to change learners' behaviors
-
cognitive theory
use of sensory input and repetition to change learners' patterns of thought, therby changing behaviors
-
Critical theory
use of ongoing discussion and inquiry to increase learners' depth of knowledge, therby changing thinking and behaviors
-
Developmental theroy
use of techniques specific to learners' developmental stages to determine readiness to learn and to impart knowledge
-
Humanistic theory
assists learners to grow by emphasizing emotions and relationships and believing that free choice will prompt actions that are in their own best interest
-
Social learning theory
links information to beliefs and values to change or shift the learners' expectations
-
community-based nursing
- Focus: individuals, familes
- Nursing: illness care (management of acute and chronic conditions in settings where individuals, families, and groupls live work and attend
-
Community oreinted nursing
- Focus: at risk individuals, families, and groups, COMMUNITY
- Nursing: Health care: determining health needs of a community and intervening at the individual, family and group level ot improve the collective health of the community
-
Community health nursing practice
promote, preserve, and maintain the health of populations by the delivery of health services to individuals, families, and groups in order to impact "community health."
-
Public health nursing practice
- promote, preserve the health of populations through disease and disability prevention and health protection of the community as a whole
- Core functions:
- systematic assessment of the health of populations
- development of policies to support the health of populations
- ensuring that essential health services are available to all persons
-
I PREPARE
- I= investigate potential exposures
- P= Present work (exposure, use of personal protective equipment, location of material safety data sheets [MSDS], taking home exposures, trends)
- R= Residence (age of home, heating, recent remodeling, chemical storage, water)
- E= Enviornmental concerns
- P= Past work
- A= Activities
- R=Referrals and resources
- E= Educate
-
Medicare eligability
- older than 65 and receiving social security
- disability benefits for 2 years
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and receive disability benefits
- kidney failure with maintenance dialysis or had a kidney transplant to qualify for Medicare
-
Medicare Part A
- hospital care
- home care
- limited skilled nursing care
-
Medicare part B
- medical care
- diagnositc services
- physiotherapy
-
Medicare Part C
Medicare Advantage plan- combines Part A and Part B and is provided through a private insurance company
-
Medicare Part D
prescription drug coverage
-
As a part of medicaid, EPSDT services are available to
those younger than 21
-
State departments of health
- Manges WIC
- CHIP
- Establishes public health policies
- Assistance/support for local health departments
- Medicaid
- Reports communicable disease to CDC
-
Local Health Department
- Local community needs
- Work closely with local officials, businesses, and stakeholders
- Report communicable disease to state departments of health
- funded through local taxes with support from federal and state funds
-
HMO
comprehensive care is provided to members by set of designated providers
-
PPO
predetermined rates are set for services delivered to members; financial incentives are in place to promote use of PPO providers
-
most homicides are committed by
occur when?
- someone known to the victim
- occur during an argumenet
-
homicide rates are increasing or decreasing among adolescents?
increasing
-
______ are more likely to be assaulted
men
-
incidence of rape is higher
- in cities
- between 8 pm and 2 am
- on the weekends
- summer months
-
definition of dependence
pattern of pathological, compulsive use of substances and involves physiological and psychological dependence
-
cardinal signs of dependence
manifestations of tolerance and withdrawal
primary sign: dependence
-
body burns how much alcohol per hour
.5 oz
-
following prolonged use, manifestations of alcohol withdrawal appears within
4-12 hrs
-
Manifestations of alcohol withdrawal
- irritability
- tremors
- nausea
- vomiting
- headaches
- dipahoresis
- anxiety
- sleep disturbances
- tachycardia
- elevated bp
-
what are indicators of delirium tremens or alcohol withdrawal delirium
- increased bp
- tachycardia
- diaphoresis
-
medication for alcohol withdrawl
benzo
-
depressants
- barbiturates
- benzodiazepines
- chloral hydrate
- GHB
- alcohol
-
tolerance to nicotine develops quick or slow
quick
-
airborn
- measles
- chickenpox
- tb
- pertussis
- influenza
-
foodborne
- salmonellosis
- hep a
- trichinosis
- e. coli
-
food intoxication
- staph aureus
- clostridium botulinum
-
waterborne
- cholera
- typhoid fever
- bacillary dysentery
- giardia lamblia
-
direct contact
- stis
- infectious mono
- enterobiasis (pinworms)
- impetigo
- lice
- scabies
-
active aquired immunity
production of antibodies by the body in response to infection or immunization with a specific antigen
-
passive acquired immunity
- transfered antibodies transplacentally
- through transfusions of immuniglobulins, plasma proteins, antitoxins
-
if a federal emergency is declared the _______ is activated and provides for a national response
national response framework NFR
-
Heroic phase
intense excitement and concern for survival. Often a rush of assistance from outside the area
-
Honeymoon phase
affected individuals begin to bond and relive their experiences
-
Disillusionment phase
- responders may experience depression and exhaustion
- contains unexpected delays in receiving aid
-
reconstruction phase
- involves adjusting to a new reality and continued rebuilding of the area
- Counseling sometimes needed
- Those affected begin to look ahead
-
Category A agents
- highest risk to national security
- easily transmitted
- high mortality rates
- smallpox (variola)
- botulism toxin
- anthrax
- tularemia
- hemorrhagic viral fevers
- plague
-
Category B agents
- moderately easy to disseminate
- high morbidity
- low mortality
-
Category C agents
- emerging pathogens that can be engineered for mass dissemintation because they are easy to produce
- potential for high morbidity and mortality rates
hantavirus
-
inhalation anthrax manifestations
- headache
- fever
- muscle aches
- chest discomfort
- severe dyspnea
- shock
-
Inhalation anthrax treatment
- iv cipro prophylactically for exposure or high risk of exposure
- antibiotics do not stop disease progression
-
botulism manifestations
- difficulty swallowing
- progressive weakness
- nausea vomiting abdominal cramps
- difficulty breathing
-
botulism treatment
- airway management
- antitioxin
- elimination of toxin
- supportive care: nutrition, fluids, prevent complications
-
Smallpox manifestations
- high fever
- fatigue
- severe headache
- rash ( begins on face and tongue, then trunk, arms, legs, then hands and feet)
- turns into pus
- vomiting
-
smallpox treatment
- no cure
- supportive care: hydration, pain, medication, antipyretics
- prevention: vaccine (lasts 10 yrs)
-
ebola manifestations
- fever
- hemorrhage
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- cough
- jaundice
- shock
-
ebola treatment
- no cure
- airway management
- dialysis
- supportive care: psychological support for client and family
- prevention: avoidance of contaminated items/animals
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