Lab Practical 3

to filter blood and to remove the waste products

to be responsible for maintaining the balance of water and salt within the blood

• proximal convoluted tubule (found in the renal cortex)
• loop of Henle (mostly in the medulla)
• distal convoluted tubule (found in the renal cortex)
• collecting tubule (in the medulla)
• collecting duct (in the medulla)

to support the mass of the kidneys as well as provide protection for the delicate tissues of the kidneys

to be responsible for urine collection

to collect urine from the nephrons and transfer to ureter

to provide a channel for urine to flow through to the ureter

to segregate and dip inward between the pyramids

to carry deoxygenated blood out of the kidney to the inferior vena cava

to supply clean, oxygen-rich blood to each kidney

to drain urine into the minor calyxes and thence to the ureters

to transmit the vessels, nerves, and ureter

to move deoxygenated blood from arcuate vein to renal vein

to move oxygenated blood from segmental artery to arcuate artery

to take deoxygenated blood from cortical radiate vein and convey it to interlobar vein

to take oxygenated blood from interlobar artery to the cortical radiate artery

to move blood from renal artery to interlobar artery

to take deoxygenated blood from peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

to transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

to bring blood into the glomereulus

to carry blood out of glomerulus

to act as a site for selective secretion and reabsorption as water and ions pass between the blood and the filtrate across the tubule membrane

to regulate the pH of the filtrate by exchanging hydrogen ions in the interstitium for bicarbonate ions in the filtrate; responsible for secreting organic acids, such as creatinine and other bases, into the filtrate

to bring blood into glomerulus to allow filtrate into Glomerular capsule

to reabsorb Na+, K+, Cl- and secrete urea and it is line with simple squamous epithelium

impermeable to water, but pump out salts at a high rate

to reabsorb water

impermeable to salts but permeable to water

DCT: aldosterone receptors - Na+ reabsorption with K+ antiport, PTH receptors - Ca2+ reabsorption

CD: ADH receptors - aquaporins to reabsorb water, ANP receptors block Na+ reabsorption

to maintain countercurrent exchange that prevent washout of the concentration gradients established in the renal medulla

to collect urine from distal convoluted tubule of nephron

Principal cells: have sparse, short microvilli, responsible for maintaining the body's water and Na+ balance.

Intercalated cells: cuboidal cells, maintain the acid - base balance of the blood.

to supply the blood for reabsorption and secretion in medulla of kidneys

to contain filtrate from glomerular capillaries

to take blood to afferent arteriole that enters glomerulus

Kidneys are located in retroperitoneal position (between the dorsal body wall and the parietal peritoneum) in the superior lumbar region. Extending approximately from T12 to L3, the kidneys receive some protection from the lower part of the rib cage. The right kidney is crowded by the liver and lies slightly lower than the left.

Ureters are located at the level of L2 as a continuation of the renal pelvis. It descends behind the peritoneum and runs obliquely through the posterior bladder wall. This arrangement prevents backflow of urine because an increase in bladder pressure compresses and closes the distal ends of the ureters.

Urinary bladder is located retroperitoneally on the pelvic floor just posterior to the pubic symphysis. In male, the prostate lies inferior to the bladder neck which empties into the urethra. In females, the bladder is anterior to the vagina and uterus. It is a temporary storage reservior for urine.

Urethra is located below the bladder. It is located at the pelvic floor cavity. It is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the body exterior. In males, it is located at the front of rectum. In female, it is located at the anterior end of the uterus in the upper region of vagina.

Female urethra is only 3-4 cm (1.5 inches) long and fibrous connective tissue binds it tightly to the anterior vaginal wall.

Male urethra is approximately 20 cm (8 inches) long and has three regions:1. The prostatic urethra about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long, runs within the prostate2. The intermedate part of the urethra (or membranous urethra), which runs through teh urogenital diaphgram, extends 2 cm from the prostate to the beginning of the pelvis.3. The spongy urethra, about 15 cm long, passes through hte penis and opens at its tip via the external urethral orifice.

Cortical nephrons (85%): located entirely within the cortex, lack loops of Henle that enable urince concentration, efferent arterioles feed peritubular capillary bed around both types' PCT and DCT

Juxtamedullary nephrons (15%): located close to the cortex-medulla junction, set up salt gradient in medulla that enables urine concentration as much as 12x higher than blood, efferent arteriole forms vasa recta

to propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

to carry glandular secretions to areas where they are needed and act as a supporting layer that holds the epithelium in place

to surround the ureter and encompass the blood vessels and lymphatics that travel along the ureter

to secrete mucus, which coats and protects the surface of the cells

to store fat to keep visceral organs in position

to change volume of the bladder for storage capacity of urine

to act as a supporting layer that holds the epithelium in place

to surround and encompass the blood vessels and lymphatics that travel along bladder

to elongate when the bladder starts to fill, allowing an increase in bladder volume

FUNCTION: help the sperm swim towards the egg and keep the sperm nourished during the traveling process

SECRETION: a viscous alkaline containing fructose and other substances

FUNCTION: produce fluid which protects and enriches sperm

SECRETION: a slightly acidic, milky fluid into the urethra

FUNCTION: produce thick mucus to clean and lubricate urethra and neutralize acidic urine in urethra

SECRETION: thick mucus

FUNCTION: stores urine, allowing urination to be infrequent and voluntary

SECRETION: urine

FUNCTION: connects the colon to the anus and receives stool from the colon

SECRETION: release rectal contents to anus

FUNCTION: works as a tube connecting the urinary bladder to the genitals

SECRETION: urine from urinary bladder

to carry ejaculatory sperm out of the epididymis

FUNCTION: stores sperm and transports it from the testes

SECRETION: glycogen to help keep stored sperm cells alive

to produce sperm and male sex hormones

SECRETION: testosterone, an androgenic hormone

The hypothalamus and pituitary gland control how much testosterone the testes produce and secrete. The hypothalamus sends a signal to the pituitary gland to release gonadotrophic substances (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone). Luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates testosterone production. If too much testosterone is produced, the hypothalamus alerts the pituitary gland to make less LH, which tells the testes to decrease testosterone levels.

FUNCTION: protect the testes and to keep them at a temperature 94° F (34° C) approximately for spermatogenesis to occur

FUNCTION: increase sexual stimulation in both male and female during intercourse

FUNCTION: pressurizes and constricts the urethral lumen to allow forceful expulsion of semen

FUNCTION: to house the blood during erection

FUNCTION: enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs; they correspond to the scrotum of the male

SECRETION: sweat and oil-secreting glands

FUNCTION: enclose recess called vestibule, which contains the external opening of urethra (anteriorly) and vagina (posteriorly).

SECRETION: antibacterial substances as a defence against infection

FUNCTION: works as a tube connecting the urinary bladder to the genitals

SECRETION: urine from urinary bladder

FUNCTION: connects the colon to the anus and receives stool from the colon

SECRETION: release rectal contents to anus

to serve as the security pad for protecting this organ from any harm

sensitive to stimulation and can become erect

FUNCTION: serve as a copulatory organ and birth canal and extends for approximately 10 cm (4 inches) from the vestibule to the uterus superiorly

SECRETION: allow for passage of the menstrual flow

FUNCTION: attaches the vagina to the uterus

SECRETION: produces a mucus that aids in carrying sperm from the vagina to the uterus

FUNCTION: prevent adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium

SECRETION: cholesterol, steroids, and various nutrients, including iron and fat-soluble vitamins

FUNCTION: contract during childbirth

SECRETION: the pituitary gland secretes oxytoxin to target myometrium causing to contract during childbirth to expel the baby from mother's body

FUNCTION: serves as the mesentery for the uterus, ovaries, and the fallopian tube, and helps in maintaining the uterus in its normal position

SECRETION: NONE

FUNCTION: to transport sperm toward the egg, which is released by the ovary, and to then allow passage of the fertilized egg back to the uterus for implantation

SECRETION: fluids are calcium, sodium, chloride, glucose (a sugar), proteins, bicarbonates, and lactic acid that help to transport the sperm and the egg and to keep them alive

a pigment metabolite arising from the body's destruction of hemoglobin (via bilirubin or bile pigments)

the relative weight of a specifc volume of liquid compared with an equal volume of distilled water

to moisten food to ease swallowing,

immune secretions (mucus, IgA, lysozyme, defensins)

chemical digestions (amylase, lipase)

harbor resident bacteria (generate NO to limit other bacterial growth)