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**governmental health agencies
primarily funded by tax dollars, managed by government employees
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International agencies
: World Health Organization
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National agencies
U.S. department of Health and Human services
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State agencies
: state health department
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Local agencies
Local Health department
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**Quasi-governmental health agencies
obtain funding by variety of sources (united way, fees for services, donations, governmental funding) e.g. **American Red Cross
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**Non-governmental health agencies
: operate free from governmental interference; funding sources: private donations, membership fees. categorized as voluntary, philanthropic, service, religious, and professional agencies
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**Voluntary health agencies
Most visible (American cancer society, **American heart association, American lung association, alzheimers association and first candle) PURPOSE: fund research, provide education, provide service, advocate for beneficial policies, laws, and regulations
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**Philanthropic foundations
- provide important funding of programs and research on a cariety of health issues (ford foundation, Robert wood Johnson foundation, and Rockefeller foundation). PURPOSE: altruistic concern for human welfare and advancement. do not raise money, finance long term projects
- ** endowment
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**Service Fraternal and Religious groups
Often involved in health education/promotion related projects; these may include drug education programs, wellness efforts, and variety of other services (rotary international, lions, **Shriners, and American legion)
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**Professional health associations/organizations
common mission is to **promote the high standards of professional practice for their respective profession. PURPOSE: advocates for the profession, provides publication of journals and newsletters, provides opportunities for professional meetings, provides membership perks, is funded by membership dues
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**Professional Organizations:Oldest and largest
American Public Health Association (APHA) 1872, 50,000+ members
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professional organization that is Most relevant to health educators
Society for public health education, Inc. (SOPHE)
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**Purposes of Coalitions
- Exist to help the many different organizations speak with a single voice on current issue.
- **Purposes: Strengthen communication among members, develop implement and evaluate share vision strategic plan, educate policy makers, collaborate on common issues, increase visibility for health education and members of org.
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**Advocacy
- **a combination of individual and social actions designed to gain: political commitment, policy support, social acceptance, systems for a particular health goal or program
- ** expand the resource base for: behavioral and social science research, programs and practice, preparation health educators, employment workforce
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Types of information sources
primary, secondary, tiertiary, popular press publications
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**primary sources
refereed or peer reviewed journals; some now in electronic format known as open access journals; legislative records, **minutes of meeting
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**Secondary sources
written by someone who was not present or did not participate as part of the study team e.g. journal **review articles, editorials, non-eyewitness accounts
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**tiertiary sources
information that has been distilled and collected from primary and secondary sources; includes facts **e.g. handbooks, pamphlets, fact books, dictionaries
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popular press publications
Written for the general public’s consumption; may include primary or secondary sources; hard to check credibility e.g. weekly summary type magazines, monthly magazines, tabloids
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**Components of a research article: IMRAD
introduction, methods, results, discussion
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**abstract
- brief description of the study; communicates essential information
- short **(150-200 word) includes purpose, study questions, methods and one or two major findings
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**introduction
includes research questions/hypotheses, literature review, need
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**methodology
includes research design, participants of study, instrumentation, and administrative procedures
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**results
research findings
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**discussion
interpret conclusions and meanings, and comment on implications
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**critically assessment of a research article
- were the goals/aims of study defined in a **clear manner
- were the research questions/hypotheses **clearly stated
- was the description of the participants **clear, did the author state how the participants were recruited
- were the data collection instruments described
- were reliability and validity reported for the instruments
- did the results directly address the research question/hypotheses
- were the conclusions reasonable in light of the research design and data analyses performed
- were the study implications meaningful to the population you serve
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summary
longer than abstract (2-3 pages) review includes all that is found in an abstract; in addition summaries reveal any secondary findings, to describe study limitations, and to provide a more detailed review of the researchers conclusions and recommendations from the viewpoint of the summary’s author
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evaluating online sources and information Check:
- currency – the timeliness of the information relevance – the importance of the information for your needs
- authority – the source of the information accuracy – the reliability, truthfulness and correctness of the content
- purpose – the reason the information exists
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**Future of health education:demographic changes
- greatest change will occur in the **Hispanic and asian/pacific islander groups.
- One place where more diverse populace is in public schools.
- **U.S. pop will become older; reasons- Americans live longer, couples have fewer children, baby boomers nearing retirement
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**Societal trends of health education
**technology: improved quality of life (new delivery methods, tailored communications, GIS Tracking
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examples of societal trends
- family structure will continue to change – traditional family less common
- political climate: frustration with politics and politicians various views (conservative (less big govt), moderate, liberal (more big govt), health and politics linked;
- more macrolevel practice.
- advocacy more important
- medical care establishment
- affordable care act:
- consumers need to be involved in decision making
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professional preparation
- mission will be help people be more analytical thinkers,
- a greater emphasis will be placed on values clarification,
- health education specialists must use technology,
- education at the community level will be the focus of most health interventions,
- HES need long term not short term thinking
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critical skills those leading the health education promotion profession into the next several decades
collaborative relationships, innovativeness curiousness adventure and truth seeking
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credentialing
places emphasis on the acquisition of skills means to assess whether or not a person has met entry-level competencies NCHEC
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credentialing may help do the 3 following
- may allow for reimbursement for health education services provided in a medical care setting
- certification process establishes a national standard for individual health education practitioners
- assist employers in identifying competent specialists
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Implications for health educators in the 6 areas
- school setting
- worksite setting
- public (community health) setting
- Clinical or health care setting
- alternative settings
- macro level versus microlevel
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Implications for HE in worksite
expanding all the time – programs for employees and family, health care costs can be controlled through health promotion
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implications for HE in public settings (community health)
: greatest variety of options; they are consistently involved in planning implementing and evaluating population level interventions
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implications for HE in clinical or health setting
growing; increased receptivity HES make a difference in patient care; preventive services are lacking b/c of no time, patient education a required practice
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implications for HE in alternative settings
teaching postsecondary institutions, combine journalism and health education, foreign country practice, work with aging population
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**macro level versus microlevel approach
assume a macrolevel approach to health problems; so move from a position of assisting behavior change one person at a time to **community-based interventions. need knowledge of political process.
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Healthy people 2020 lessons learned and progress made from HP 2010
not easy to use as a resource; many unaware it exists, lack of progress or slow progress in achieving objectives, HP 2020 needs to be web accessible and searchable
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**Healthy people 2020 goals
- **Provide measurable objectives and goals
- Eliminate preventable disease disability **(emphasize everyone can benefit and also include hazard prepardness), injury and premature death;
- achieve health equity,
- eliminate disparities and improve the health of all groups;
- create social and physical environments that promote good health for all **(ecological approach);
- promote healthy development and healthy behaviors across **every stage of life.
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Healthy people 2020 leading health indicators
- access to health services,
- clinical preventive services,
- environmental quality,
- injury and violence,
- maternal, infant and child health care, mental health,
- nutrition physical activity and obesity,
- oral health,
- reproductive and sexual health,
- social determinants,
- substance abuse,
- tobacco
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What is a health educator; where employed
schools, college/university campus, companies, health care settings, community organizations and government agencies
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What does a trained health educator do
- Assess individual and community needs
- Plan, develop, coordinate, implement, manage, evaluate health education programs write grants
- build coalitions
- identify resources
- make referrals
- develop social marketing and mass media campaigns
- organize/mobilize communities for action handle controversial health issues/content advocate for health related issues
- use a variety of education/training methods develop audio, visual, print and electronic materials
- conduct research
- write scholarly articles
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**Top workforce trends
Social marketing
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What was the alliance of five national associations
AAHPERD
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**What is health education
- ** development of strategies to improve health knowledge, attitudes, skills and behaviors
- **the effort to positively influence the health behavior of individuals and communities
- **A social science that draws from many sectors and seeks to facilitate voluntary behavior change
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