Nutrition 1 Exam

A system of healthcare that encourages and promotes the body's natural self-healing mechanisms using an eclectic approach

This describes drugs and surgery used by conventionally trained medics

The use of more than 4 medications, also refers to unnecessary and excessive prescriptions

‘Wellness’ is defined as a state of health, characterised by a positive emotional state

Warm or hot (warming properties)

Cool, cold, or cooling in property.

In Ayurvedic medicine the 5 elements manifest themselves in the human body as three doshas:

• Vata - air, ether principle: governs movement; represents dryness, cold, light,
• agitation, movement, etc.

• Pitta - fire and water principle:controls metabolism;represents bodyheat,hot,light,
• anger, hate, etc.

• Kapha - water and earth principle: provides physical structure; represents lubrication,
• stability, oily, cold, heavy, forgiveness, etc.

• Wood
• Fire 
• Earth
• Metal
• Water

Chemistry is the study of matter and all the interactions that take place within matter.

Matter is everything around us that has mass and occupies space.

• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

To abstain from doing any harm

Making a disease (or its symptoms) less severe without removing the cause - they do not cure (i.e. pharmaceutical drugs often palliate)

Postulates that health can be achieved by balancing your diet with foods that are closest to the balance point of yin and yang.

• 1) Vata - air / ether
• 2) Pitta - fire and water
• 3) Kapha - water and earth

• 1) Sanguine (blood)    - air
• 2) Phlegmatic (water)  - water
• 3) Melancholy (yellow bile)    - fire
• 4) Choleric (black bile)   -earth

An element is a substance made up of just ONE TYPE of atom so it cannot be split up into simpler substances.

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen

(All make up 96% of the human body)

Protons and Neutrons

Protons.

Neutrons- think "N" for "Neutral", "N" for "NO CHARGE"

Electrons.

Mass Number = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons

Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei.

They differ in atomic mass.

• One proton
• One electron

NO Neutrons

An ion.

Oxidation

It GAINS electrons, resulting in an increase of energy of that molecule

Redox

Free radicals are molecules or compounds that have an unpaired electron in their outer shell.

Because they want to stabilise their outer shell they become destructive and steal electrons from other stable molecules - 'oxidation'.

• This leaves the attacked
• molecule with an unpaired
• electron, so a chain reaction
• of oxidative damage occurs.

• Aerobic Respiration
• Metabolism
• Inflammation
• The environment (pollution, sunlight, strenuous exercise, X-rays, smoking, alcohol)

• Antioxidants consist of a group of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals
• and enzymes that work to neutralise free radicals before they harm our
• bodies.

• Antioxidants work by donating an electron to the free radicals to convert
• them to harmless molecules.

A group of atoms bonded together in a specific arrangement e.g. H20

When one element donates some of its electrons to another

When two elements share electrons so that they both have the 'magic' number that they are looking for

• This is the attraction between the hydrogen
• and a negatively charged atom - a hydrogen bond :)  --- *Note: occurs in water!

TRUE

• FALSE:
• Fats are made up of hydrophobic molecules that contain non-polar covalent bonds - so they do not dissolve easily in water

An electrolyte is a substance that can conduct electricity when dissolved in a solution, such as water.

• Conduction of electricity is important for nerve and muscle function
• They exert osmotic pressure important for water balance
• Some can act as 'buffers' in acid-base balance

Atomic Number = Number of Protons

A substance that releases a high amount of hydrogen atoms when released in water. (DONATES HYDROGEN)

A base is a substance that binds to hydrogen ions in a solution. (PICKS UP HYDROGEN)

The number of hydrogen ions in a solution is a measure of acidity.

Hydrogen ion concentration is measured using the pH scale, to assess on a scale of 0-14 whether something is acid or alkaline (basic).

0 is considered highly acidic, 7 is neutral, and 14 is highly alkaline (basic).

• The body has to maintain optimal pH concentrations for certain
• reactions to take place.

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• (Plasmas)

• Matter moves from one state to another when acted on by physical
• forces such as pressure or temperature

An endothermic reaction is one that takes in heat to use for energy

An exothermic reaction releases heat into the environment

Glycogen is a polysaccharide of glucose which functions as the primary short term energy storage.

• It is made primarily by the liver and the muscles

• 1) Energy – Carbohydrates are a primary fuel for energy production.
• 2) Stored energy - The can also provide a limited form of stored energy
• e.g. glycogen
• 3) Fibre – Indigestible carbohydrates such as cellulose are an important
• source of fibre needed for proper bowel function

• To move around the body, lipids are often bonded to a protein to make them more soluble. They are then called lipoproteins.

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen

9 Essential Amino Acids

There are 20 amino acids in total - the other 11 are considered non-essential)

TRUE (i.e. DNA and RNA)

Nucleotides

• Vitamins: organic compounds required by the body in small amounts for normal metabolic
• functions.

They cannot be manufactured by the body - thus they are essential.

• Fat soluble (A, D, E and K)
• Water soluble (B vitamins, Vitamin C)

Oily fish (i.e. sardines, salmon, tuna)