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Name the bond type: Sharing of electrons
covalent
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Name the bond type: Electrostatic attraction between anion and cation
Ionic
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Name the bond type: Electrostatic attraction between a hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen or oxygen and a second nitrogen or oxygen
Hydrogen
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Name the bond type: Electrostatic attraction between temporary, shifting electron clouds
Van der Waals
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Fill in the words for the labeled arrows.
- A) Condensation
- B) Hydrolysis
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Most bacteria share fundamental traits:
- ____, _____ outer envelope
- _____ genome
- ______ coordinated cell functions
- - thick, complex
- - compact
- - tightly
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_____, like bacteria, are prokaryotes.
Archaea
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Archaea have _____ membrane and envelope structures.
unique
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Name the part in the bacterial cell:
- consists of a gel-like network
- highly structured, like a web
cytoplasm
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Name the part in the bacterial cell:
- encloses the cytoplasm
- protects cell
- homeostasis
cell membrane
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Name the part in the bacterial cell:
- covers the cell membrane
cell wall
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Name the part in the bacterial cell:
- non-membrane-bound area of the cytoplasm that contains the chromosome in the form of looped coils
nucleoid
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Name the part in the bacterial cell:
- external helical filament whose rotary motor propels the cells
flagellum
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Techniques to break up cells that allow subcellular parts to remain intact.
Cell fractionation
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Cell fractionation techniques include: (Name 4)
- 1. Mild detergent analysis
- 2. Sonication
- 3. Enzymes
- 4. Mechanical disruption
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A key tool of subcellular fractionation is the:
ultracentrifuge
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An approach that is complementary to cell fractionation is _____ ______.
genetic analysis
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In genetic analysis, mutant strains might be selected for:
loss of a given function
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In genetic analysis, a selected strain may be _____ ______ as to lose or alter a gene.
intentionally mutated
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In genetic analysis, a selected strain may be constructed with "_____ ____" fused to a gene encoding a protein of interest.
reporter genes
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Name 5 common chemical components that all cells share:
- 1. Water
- 2. Essential ions
- 3. Small organic molecules
- 4. Macromolecules
- 5. Lipids
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The structure that defines the existence of a cell is the ____ ______.
cell membrane
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Membrane proteins serve numerous functions, including:
a) Structural _____
b) _______ of environmental signals
c) Secretion of _____ factors and ______ signals
d) ____ transport and _____ storage
- a) support
- b) detection
- c) virulence, communication
- d) ion, energy
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Membrane proteins have ______ and _____ regions that lock the protein in the membrane
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
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Membrane have approximately equal parts of ______ and _____.
phospholipids, proteins
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A ______ consists of glycerol with ester links to two fatty acids and a phosphoryl head group. It may have a side chain.
phospholipid
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The two layers of phospholipids in the bilayer are called:
leaflets
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Double bonds in the phosolipid side chains make the membrane more _____.
fluid
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Membranes also include ____ molecules that fill gaps between hydrocarbon chains.
planar
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In eukaryotic membranes, the reinforcing agents are sterols, such as:
cholestrol
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In bacterial membranes, the reinforcing agents are:
hopanoids, or hopanes
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Archaea membranes have _____ links between glycerol and fatty acids.
ether
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Archaea membrane hydrocarbon chains are brached:
terpenoids
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Small uncharged molecules, such as O2 and CO2 easily permeate the membrane by ____.
diffusion.
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Water tends to diffuse across the membrane in a process called _____.
osmosis.
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Weak ____ and weak ____ exist partly in an uncharged form that can diffuse across the membrane and change the pH of the cell.
acids, bases
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Polar molecules and charged molecules require transport through specific protein ______.
transporters
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Name the type of transport: molecules move along their concentration gradient
Passive transport
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Name the type of transport: molecules move against their concentration gradient
active transport
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Which of the following statements about the size of microbes is FALSE?
A) Eukaryotic microbes tend to have a size of 10-100 μm
B) Prokaryotic microbes tend to have a size that is less than 10 μm
C) A few bacterial species are large enough to be seen by the unaided eye
D) Choose this answer if all the above are true.
D) Choose this answer if all the above are true.
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You are observing a bacterium using a 10X ocular lens and a 45X objective lens. What would the total magnification be?
A) 450X
B) 145X
C) 45X
D) 10X
E) Need more information
A) 450X (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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In fluorescence microscopy, the specimen absorbs light and then re-emits it at a _____ energy and thus, a _____ wavelength.
A) lower; shorter
B) lower; longer
C) higher; shorter
D) higher; longer
B) lower; longer (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Bacterial phospholipids are _____ linked, while those of archaea contain _____ linkages.
ester, ether
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