Microbiology 351 Exam 1 Flashcards - Set 5

The bacterial cell wall is made up of ______ interlinked molecule(s).

The ____ ____ confers shape and rigidity to the cell, and helps it withstand turgor pressure.

Mycoplasma and human cells don't have cell was because the environment is:

Gram-Positive cell envelope has mutiple layers of _______, and is threaded by ______ _____.

The Gram-positive capsule is made of ________ and _________.

The bacterial capsule protects cells from _________.

True/False: capsules are also found in Gram-negative cells.

Name the layer in the Gram-Positive Cell Envelope:
- An additional protective layer commonly found in free-living bacteria and archaea
- Crystalline layer of thick subunits consisting of protein or glycoprotein
- May contribute to cell shape and help protect the cell from osmotic stress

Why do Gram-positive cells lose their S-layer after several generations in culture?

___________ have very complex cell envelopes which include unusual membrane lipids (______ ______) and unusual sugars (arabinogalactans).

True/False: The mycolic acid membrane lipids help protect the bacterium from phagocytosis.

Why does a myobacterial cell take a long time to divide?

The Gram-Negative outer membrane consists of a thin peptidoglycan layer of _______ sheets.

The Gram-Negative bacteria is covered by an _____ ______, which confers defensive abilities and toxigenic properties on many pathogens, and has _______.

The Gram-Negative outer membrane's inward-facing leaflet has _______.

The Gram-Negative outer membrane's outward-facing leaflet has ______.

Algae form cell walls of ______.

Fungi form cell walls of ______.

Diatoms form exoskeletons of ______.

Paramecia possess a ______ ______ to pump water out of the cell.

True/False: Eukaryotic microbes do not possess their own structures to avoid osmotic shock.

True/False: Bacterial cytoskeletons have proteins that determine their shape.

The E. coli nucleoid appears as clear regions that exlcude the _____ and contain the ____ _____.

The nucleoid form about ___ loops or domains. Within each domain, the DNA is supercoiled by ___-_____ ______.

Unlike eukaryotes, prokaryotes synthesize RNA and proteins ______ while the cell's DNA undergoes replication.

Bacterial DNA replication is coordinated with the cell wall ______ and ultimately the separation of the two ______ ____.

In prokaryotes, a circular chromosome begins to replicate at its orgin, or ____ site.

Prokaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional. At each fork, DNA is synthesized by ___ ______, with the help of accessory proteins (the ______).

Replication of the termination site triggers growth of the dividing partition, or ______.

The septation of Steptococci are oriented in:

The septation of Staphylococci are oriented in:

The septation of Tatrads and Sarcinae are oriented in:

Bacterial cell poles differ in their origin and "age". This phenomenon is called:

Bacillus species can undergo an _______ cell division to form an endospore at one end.

Some bacteria generate two kinds of daughter cells: one _____ and the other _____.

Named the specialized structure: extensively folded intracellular membranes

Named the specialized structure: polyhedral bodies packed with the enzyme Rubisco for CO₂ fixation

Named the specialized structure: increases buoyancy

Named the specialized structure: stores Glycogen, PHB, and PHA for energy; sulfur for oxidation

Named the specialized structure: Membrane-embedded crystals of megnetie (FE₃O₄) which orient the swimming of some bacteria

Named the specialized structure: straight filaments of pilin protein, used in attachment, or in conjugation

Named the specialized structure: membrane-embedded extensions of the cytoplasm

Named the specialized structure: intercellular connections that pass material from one cell to the next

Prokayotes that are motile generally swim by means of ____ ______.

______ cells have flagella randomly distributed around the cell.

______ cell have flagella at the end(s)

_____ cells have a single flagellum.

Each flagellum is a spiral filament of protein monomers called ______.

The flagellum is rotated by a motor driven by the _____ ____ ____.

________ rotation of the flagella moves the cell towards the attractant.

______ rotation of the flagella stops forward motion, so cell tumbles and changes direction.

Most bacteria divide by _____ fission.

____ and ____ are used for attachment.

______ are rotary appendages used for movement and chemotaxis

In fluorescence microscopy, the specimen absorbs light and then re-emits it at a ____ energy and thus, a _____ wavelength.
A) lower; shorter
B) higher; shorter
C) higher; longer
D) lower; longer

All of the following are used to lyse cells EXCEPT:
A) Mild detergents
B) Mechanical disruption
C) Sonication
D) Electrophoresis
E) Enzymes

Which of the following statements about membrane lipids is true?
A) Lipids of bacteria and archaea have ether linkages.
B) Lipids of bacteria and archaea have ester linkages.
C) Lipids of bacteria have ether linkages, while those of archaea have ester linkages.
D) Lipids of bacteria have ester linkages, while those of archaea have ether linkages.