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xijunzhu
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macrosociology
focuses on large groups and social structure, whereas micro sociology refers to small groups and individuals
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functionalism
- study of each part of society
- to work in harmony, each part and system must work together
- dysfunctions (harmful consequences of people's actions) undermine societal equilibrium
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manifest function
- intended to help some part of system
- latent function: unintended positive consequences on other parts of society
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conflict theory
how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order
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symbolic interactionism
- ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols
- symbols are key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with another
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social constructionism
- how we as a society, construct concepts and principles
- "honor and "justice" dependent on how individuals decide within that society
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rational choice theory
benefit vs cost for any decision making
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exchange theory
cost and benefit in groups (individual will carry out certain behaviors because of anticipated rewards (approval of others) and will avoid certain behaviors because of anticipated punishments)
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feminist theory
explain social inequalities that exist on basis of gender
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mandated reporter
as a physician, one is legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse
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hidden curriculum
in education: transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students.
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teach expectancy
higher expectation for students and belief in students, students will achieve more
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religion
a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence
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sect
a religious group that has chosen to break off from parent relation (church)
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theocracy
power is held by religious leaders
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socialist
treats large industries as collective, shared business and compensation based on work into system (posit distributed equally)
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four tenets of medical ethics
- beneficence (act in patient's best interest)
- nonmaleficence (do no harm)
- respect for patient autonomy
- justice (treat all with same care)
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culture 2 types
- entire lifestyle for a given group
- material (artifacts, meaning of american flag in society)
- symbolic (ideas that represent the group of people, songs/motto)
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culture lag
as a result of the slower to change of symbolic culture, technology advances, but Americans still prize individuality and privacy
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values vs. beliefs
- values what person deems to be important in life (dictates ethical principals and standards of behavior)
- belief: individual accepts to be true
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ageism
prejudice or discrimination on the basis of person's age
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gender differences
- influenced by cultural norms and values
- emphasize the distinct roles and behaviors or men and women in given culture
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gender inequality
- intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other
- gender segregation (separation of individuals based on perceived gender, public bathrooms, etc)
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race
- based on superficial traits (like skin color)
- social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people
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racial formation theory
racial identity if fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors
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ethnicity
- social construct, sorts people by cultural factors (language, nationality, religion, and other factors)
- one can choose to or not to display ethnic identity, racial identities are always on display
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symbolic ethnicity
specific connection to one's ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in daily lifer (irish americans celebrate "irishness" on st. patty's day even though their irish ethnicity does not play a significant role
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kinley scale
0 (heterosexual) and 6 (homosexual)
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intersectionality
multiple institutions (racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interconnected and cannot be examined separately from one another
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demographic shifts
change in the makeup of a population over time
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demographic transition
- changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system.
- preindustrial: high birth and death rates
- stage 2: decrease in death rate, increase in healthcare
- stage 3: improvement in contraception (birth rate decrease)
- industrial society: both death and birth rates are low
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Malthusian theory
exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder
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social movements
- promote social change (proactive)
- resist social change (reactive)
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fertility rate
average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime
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what does socioeconomic status depend on?
- ascribed status: involuntary, derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age, gender and skin color
- achieved status: acquired through direct, individual efforts
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power
capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments, power differentials create social inequality
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prestige
respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations
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anomie
- normlessness
- anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality and isolation
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social capital
- investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective reward
- example: social networks
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plutocracy
rule by upper class
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poverty
poverty line is det by gov't calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life
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social reproduction
pasing on social inequality from one generation to the next, ex: poverty
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two types of poverty
- absolute: people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food and clothing
- relative poverty: poor in comparison to larger population
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environmental injustice
unequal distribution of environmental hazards in communities. lower class lack social and political power to prevent placement of environmental hazards in their neighborhoods
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morbidity
- degree of illness associated with a given disease
- women higher morbidity, men have higher mortality
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second sickness
exacerbation of health outcomes due to social injustice.
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