sociology social structure and demographics

focuses on large groups and social structure, whereas micro sociology refers to small groups and individuals

• study of each part of society
• to work in harmony, each part and system must work together
• dysfunctions (harmful consequences of people's actions) undermine societal equilibrium

• intended to help some part of system 
• latent function: unintended positive consequences on other parts of society

how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

• ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures and other symbols
• symbols are key to understanding how we view the world and communicate with another

• how we as a society, construct concepts and principles
• "honor and "justice" dependent on how individuals decide within that society

benefit vs cost for any decision making

cost and benefit in groups (individual will carry out certain behaviors because of anticipated rewards (approval of others) and will avoid certain behaviors because of anticipated punishments)

explain social inequalities that exist on basis of gender

as a physician, one is legally required to report suspected cases of elder or child abuse

in education: transmitting social norms, attitudes, and beliefs to students.

higher expectation for students and belief in students, students will achieve more

a set of beliefs and practices that seek to address the meaning of existence

a religious group that has chosen to break off from parent relation (church)

power is held by religious leaders

treats large industries as collective, shared business and compensation based on work into system (posit distributed equally)

• beneficence (act in patient's best interest)
• nonmaleficence (do no harm)
• respect for patient autonomy
• justice (treat all with same care)

• entire lifestyle for a given group
• material (artifacts, meaning of american flag in society)
• symbolic (ideas that represent the group of people, songs/motto)

as a result of the slower to change of symbolic culture, technology advances, but Americans still prize individuality and privacy

• values what person deems to be important in life (dictates ethical principals and standards of behavior)
• belief: individual accepts to be true

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of person's age

• influenced by cultural norms and values
• emphasize the distinct roles and behaviors or men and women in given culture

• intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other
• gender segregation (separation of individuals based on perceived gender, public bathrooms, etc)

• based on superficial traits (like skin color)
• social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people

racial identity if fluid and dependent on concurrent political, economic, and social factors

• social construct, sorts people by cultural factors (language, nationality, religion, and other factors)
• one can choose to or not to display ethnic identity, racial identities are always on display

specific connection to one's ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in daily lifer (irish americans celebrate "irishness" on st. patty's day even though their irish ethnicity does not play a significant role

0 (heterosexual) and 6 (homosexual)

multiple institutions (racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, xenophobia, classism, etc.) are interconnected and cannot be examined separately from one another

change in the makeup of a population over time

• changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system. 
• preindustrial: high birth and death rates
• stage 2: decrease in death rate, increase in healthcare
• stage 3: improvement in contraception (birth rate decrease)
• industrial society: both death and birth rates are low

exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

• promote social change (proactive)
• resist social change (reactive)

average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime

• ascribed status: involuntary, derives from clearly identifiable characteristics such as age, gender and skin color
• achieved status: acquired through direct, individual efforts

capacity to influence people through real or perceived rewards and punishments, power differentials create social inequality

respect and importance tied to specific occupations or associations

• normlessness
• anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality and isolation

• investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective reward
• example: social networks

rule by upper class

poverty line is det by gov't calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life

pasing on social inequality from one generation to the next, ex: poverty

• absolute: people do not have enough resources to acquire basic life necessities, such as shelter, food and clothing
• relative poverty: poor in comparison to larger population

unequal distribution of environmental hazards in communities. lower class lack social and political power to prevent placement of environmental hazards in their neighborhoods

• degree of illness associated with a given disease
• women higher morbidity, men have higher mortality

exacerbation of health outcomes due to social injustice.