Praxis II World and US History Study Guide

Between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago

Old Stone Age

In the Middle East, the sedentary agriculture was based on barley, wheat, and pigs.

A military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel

Established new boundaries for Poland.

Trade routes across the Asian. Spread Buddhism from India to China

Middle part of the Stone Age

Was the first agricultural revolution

Was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence.

A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small eliteMixed government    Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy.

A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire

Roman emperor who separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians

An eastern religion which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India

The teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.

A philosophy that most emphasizes proper relationships as the basis for social and political order. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas

Settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America, center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward acrosst he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain., Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Portuguese explorer, 1st to sail to India

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars;Newton    This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European historyIndustrial Revolution    The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will ultimately be superseded

A philosopher from India, practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

The struggle between Nationalists and Communists forces in China that began in the 1920's and ended in 1949 with a Communist victory

Means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies.

Was 1st religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism. It is the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.

Knowledge comes from experience via the senses and science flourishes through observation and experiment.

The spread of ideas and technology through human contacts.

Is an economic and political union between 27 member countries, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, it has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.

supports the containment of Communism-US announces Marshall Plan aid program for Western Europe-Independence from Britain and Partition of India (Hindu)...Pakistan (Muslim)

Modern day Iraq, "Land Between the Rivers" - Tigris and Euphrates-Cities first appeared in Southern part, "Sumer", city-states-From villages to cities - why? Problems and how they solved them: 1. Food shortages in Northern Hills, 2. Uncontrolled water supply on plains, 3. Difficulties building/maintaining irrigation systems, 4. Attacks by neighbors-Ur, Lagash, Uruk

Origins: 563-483 B.C.E., India, "Awakened One," Before becoming Buddha was 29yrold prince Siddhartha Gautama, became ascetic, didn't work, "middle way" to balance pleasure and pain, meditate under Bodhi tree, became Buddha age 35, truths became The Four Noble Truths Beliefs: Embrace all regardless of caste, way of life based on simple teachings, how to reach enlightenment/nirvana based on deep truths - once reached, no longer reborn again and again. All things change. 4 Noble Truths, 8 Fold Pat

- Buddhism    1. Suffering is present in all things, nothing lasts forever, 2. Suffering is caused by cravings/desires/wants, 3. End suffering by giving up all cravings, 4. Way to give up all cravings is to live life according to 8-fold path

Studies human development and culture, specializing in early hominids

From 2 million years ago to 3000 B.C.E. Got its name from the tools people made of stone-Paleolithic Age - Old Stone Age - food by hunting wild animals and gathering nuts, berries, etc.

Neolithic Age - by 8000-3000 B.C.E. some began raising animals and crops, SETTLED. New jobs and specialization, trade, grow population. One of most important advances people have ever made. Ended when people learned to make tools out of metal.

1. Stable food supply - invented irrigation and plow2. Social structure - different social levels/jobs- upper lived in center, lower on edge of city3. Government system - create order - ruled by kings, taxes, and led army (First to have written enforced laws!)4. Religious system - beliefs and forms of worship - ziggurats5. Highly developed culture - arts painting, architecture, music, literature6. Technology advances - invented wheel approx 3500 BCE, the Arch of buildings7. Written language - highly developed - cuneiform

-Lead by Example, One of three main philosophies that emerged at the end of the Zhou dynasty (1045-256 b.c.e) to explain how to have peace and order in society.-Teachings of Kongfuzi (lived 551-479 b.c.e)-Goal = just and peaceful society, society worked well when the five basic relationships are respected-Collection of sayings = The Analects. Used during Han Dynasty, major influence on Chinese culture, civil servant jobs came to be based on ability

Rule as little as possible, Lao-tzu/Laozi book of Dao De JingReturn to simple and natural living-Yin (shaded) and Yang (sunlit) - happiness and peace by living in harmony with the way of nature - balancing-Accept what comes, don't search for fame power knowledge-Too many laws got in the way of living naturally-Influenced leaders to be less harsh, but ultimate influence on writing, though, art - eventually a popular religion

(206 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles - created bureaucracy; Han rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity, increased trade and military achievements, expanded empire-Majority of Chinese today are considered Han people

Lasted 27 years (431 b.c.e. to 404 b.c.e.), Sparta won-Sparta was most powerful city for a time, then defeated later by Thebes-Years of fighting weakened Greece as Macedonia and Philip II grew stronger, allowed opening for advancement of Macedonians and eventually the fall of the Greek Empire (was mostly conquered by Phillip II by 338 b.c.e)-Machiavelli, Thucydides

1. Treaty of Versailles - Germany not happy with War guilt cause 2. axis powers: Germany, Italy, Japan. Hitler creates treaty with Stalin(non-aggression pact) 1931-japan invades Manturia 1933-Hitler comes to power1939-Hitler invades Poland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, (this causes Britain and France to declare war on Germany) December 7, 1941- Pearl Harbor, US pulled into the war when the Japanese bomb the naval fleet-Germany declares war on US because they are allies with Japan-Pearl Harbor - we had stopped selling oil/metal to Japan, we declared war on them, Germany declared on us

Millions killed, US became world power, USSR now distrusted because of imperialist behavior, US helps reshape Japan, went from Isolationist to international, US established, Israel, decolonization and independence for many colonized countries

-tended to settle where irrigation would be unnecessary or easily accomplished

-The Strait of Malacca-done through the trade; Muslim merchants/ sailors introduced local peoples to the ideas and rituals of the new faith and impressed them on how much of the known world had already been converted

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia-618-907, capital = Chang'an. Confucian ruler.-Maintained empire through a system of roads with horses, human runners, inns, postal stations, and stables. -Equitable distribution of agricultural land kept land out of the hands of wealthy elite. -Government jobs in extensive bureaucracy were merit based, determined through a series of civil service examination. Military conquests included Manchuria, Tibet, Korea and the northern part of Vietnam

-Enlightenment-Wrote Philosophic Letters on the English & Treatise on Toleration. He admired the English freedom of the press, and religous toleration. He criticized France because of its royal absolutism and lack of freedom of thought.

written by Adam Smith, promoted laissez-faire, free-market economy, and supply-and-demand economics-criticized mercantilism and promoted market with "invisible hand"

written by Marx and Engels; said that human societies have always been in warring class; put the middle class as "haves" and the working class as "have-nots"; said that IR had enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor, predicting that the workers would overthrow the owners; inspired revolutionaries to adapt Marx's beliefs to their own situations

-beginning in 1517, when Martin Luther challenged some of the basic practices and beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church, gave the English people religious motives for colonization in the Americas.

These questions posted on the door of a Church, helped to promote religious reforms within the Roman Catholic Church.-written in 1517, primary catalyst for Protestant Reformation-protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences-Posted on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg Germany

The center was in France-A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's and spread to the colonies. It emphasized reason and the scientific method. Writers of the enlightenment tended to focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion. Many members of the Enlightenment rejected traditional religious beliefs in favor of Deism, which holds that the world is run by natural laws without the direct intervention of God.

time period after the Fall of Rome when Western Europe was continually invaded, trade slowed, and classical learning ceased.-After fall of Roman Empire, approximately yrs. 500-1000c.e

began during the Renaissance; provided the model of a rational world, 1550-1700

Italy, the great rebirth of art, literature, and learning in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries which marked the transition from the medieval to modern periods of European history., A new way of thinking. Which lead to future reforms for the catholic church and ultimately different religons-expansion of trade, contact of culture somewhat contributed to the crusades, rulers began to tax people-artists - da Vinci, Michelangelo,

-freedom of thought and expression-1694-1778; Incarcerated in the Bastille; exile in England; response to absolutism, irrational religion (as he saw it), superstition, oppression, and unfair judicial system. Remember, the French Revolution is not far away.-religious tolerance, fought for civil rights—the right to a fair trial and freedom of religion

-1712-1788, liberalism influence, Rousseau holds that "uncorrupted morals" prevail in the "state of nature", morality was innate, not a societal construct and criticized Hobbes-The Social Contract - most important work

-Japan - 12-15th century-Europe - 8-15th century-Similar - King/Shogun, Samurai/English Knight, Lords/Daimyos, code of honor-Differences - religion/Christianity/Zen Buddhism, japanese had no true pyramid

approx 1868Causes: The US wanted Japan to open trade, so they decided to rapidly modernize and industrialize to catch up with the rest of the world. -The outdated Samurai's weak response to demands to open Japan to foreign trade. -Effects: Modernization and industrialization of Japan, shift from Samurai government to modern government.-goal was to combine "western advances" with the traditional, "eastern" values

a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

1206-1368, rivals of Tatars, success due to horsemanship, endurance, ferocity in battle, military tactics, male dominated, -Genghis Khan, real name Temujin, revenge fathers death-overran Asia, Afghanistan, Persia, parts of Russia-died in 1227, Four Khanates - China, central Asia, Persia, Russia, grandson became "Great Khan", Kublai Khan, ended the Song Dynasty and established the Yuan Dynasty During time of Marco Polos travels

First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (8-11th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.-gold was principal commodity and source of power

-960-1279, after Tang Dynasty, Confucius Civil Service Exam, ended by Mongols, Kublai Khan the "Great Khan" who established the Yuan Dynasty

1368-1644, used weakness of Mongols and the plague to take over, hated rich, good but harsh rule Zhu Yuanzhang, again civil service exam used, slavery abolished, estates redistributed to peasants, equitable taxes, agriculture economic system unlike Song that relied on trading population doubled-great wall restored, built Beijing, the Forbidden City, isolationism, sea power

He poses stark alternatives: we should give our obedience to an unaccountable sovereign (a person or group empowered to decide every social and political issue). Otherwise what awaits us is a "state of nature" that closely resembles civil war -strong central govt. needed to avoid war, conflict

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the 13th and 14th centuries (after Kingdom of Ghana) Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning (see Islam). The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries

The Songhai Empire, also known as the Songhay Empire was a pre-colonial African state centered in eastern Mali. From the early 15th to the late 16th Century, Songhai was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group, the Songhai. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small Songhai state had existed since the 9th Century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present-day Niger and Burkina Faso.-after the Kingdoms of Ghana and Mali

(1896) Court ruled segregation wasn't discriminatory (didn't violate civil rights under 14th Amndmnt), -Plessy was 1/8 black, facilities equal access, not quality, Plessy boarded white train. Significant because it established that racial segregation was protected under the law ("Separate but Equal")-Reversed in 1954 by the case of Brown vs. the Board of Education

1954: overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson, declared seperate schools for blacks and rights unconstitutional.-Thurgood Marshall, black lawyer, won case-Linda Brown had to walk 21 blocks to get to a blacks only school, when she lived only 7 blocks away from a whites school.

Each person responsible for own place in society, limiting government intervention, power kept close to people, free enterprise, less taxes, anti-abortion and gay marriage, strong national defense, strong immmigration

equality and lowering income gap, social services, regulation on businesses, soft power, pro choice, fair taxes, working class, separation of church and state

Proclamation of 1763 - -Proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mountains, and required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.-Part of Treaty of Paris that ended war-Result of Pontiac's Rebellion to reduce friction between Native American and settlers, protect fur trade, and keep western land speculation under the control of the crown

- French and Indian War (N.A. portion) -War between British and French over North America

Abolitionist, Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in 1852. The book persuaded more people, particularly Northerners, to become anti-slavery. Enraged Southerners against North

Coined in the 1840s by the Jacksonian Democrats, was the belief that the United States was "destined" to spread from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Used to promote the annexation of most of the Western United States (Oregon Territory, Texas Annexation, and the Mexican Cessation). Always regarded as a general notion rather than a specific policy.