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energy from environment can come from what?
- organic chemicals
- inorganic chemicals
- light
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ability to do work
energy
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entropy
measure of disorder or randomness in a system
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open systems
all living things are open systems that gain energy from environment
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What range of light can be absorbed by organic molecules?
mostly visible light
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two examples of energy carriers
NADH and ATP
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ATP is an "____" energy carrier
intermediate
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three pathways ATP can transfer energy to cell processes
- hydrolysis, releasing phosphate
- hydrolysis, releasing pyrophosphate
- phosphorylating of organic molecules
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enzymes and ΔG
does not affect
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three main catabolic pathways
- fermentation
- respiration
- photoheterotrophy
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photoheterotrophy
catabolism is conducted with a boost from light
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bacteria and archaea use three main pathways to catabolize glucose
- glycolysis
- ED pathway
- pentose phosphate pathway
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fermentation
the completion of catabolism without the ETC and a terminal electron acceptor
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homolactic fermentation
two molecules of lactic acid
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ethanolic fermentation
two molecules of ethanol and two CO2
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heterolactic fermentation
one lactic acid, one ethanol, one CO2
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mixed-acid fermentation (key product)
acetate
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two fermentation stages of Swiss cheese production
- Lactobacillus: converts lactose sugars to lactic acid
- Propionibacterium: converts lactate to propionate, acetate, CO2
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diagnostic microbiology (def and two examples)
- identify microbe causing disease and prescribe an effective antibiotic
- phenol red broth test, Sorbitol MacConkey Agar
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where does TCA/Krebs take place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
cytoplasm and mitochondria, respectively
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pyruvate is broken down into
Acetyl-CoA and CO2
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products of TCA for each pyruvate oxidized
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catabolism of _____ by bacteria and fungi recycles ____
- aromatic molecules
- lignin from wood
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