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concede
admit that something is true, yield, surrender
-
complex I
- directly uses NADH
- FMN (coenzyme)
- Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) reduced to ubiquinol
- 2H transfered to coenzyme Q
- 4H pumped into inter membrane space
- e goes to complex III
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complex II
- part of TCA cycle too
- succinate to fumarate with succinate dehydrogenase
- FADH2 ubiquinol goes to complex III
- H is not pumped
- 2H transfered to Coenzyme Q
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complex III
- happens 2X
- CoQ transfers e to cytochrome c (protein with heme groups) w/ Fe
- CoQH2, 2H gets passed to O2, pump 2H across
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complex IV
- oxygen acceptor, produces water
- cytochrome c oxidized
- 2H pumped through proton motive force
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chemiosmotic coupling
large -220kJ/mol of energy from H protons leaving inter membrane, create ATP
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conformation coupling
ADP + Pi comes close together to form ATP
-
amounts of ATP produced for NADH and FADH2
- NADH (2.5 ATP)
- FADH2 (1.5 ATP)
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products of glycolysis
- 2ATP
- 2NADH (5ATP or 2ATP depending on which shuttle it uses)
- malate aspartate is more efficient than glycerol-3P
-
product of pyruvate decarboxylase
2NADH (5ATP)
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product of TCA
- 6 NADH (15 ATP)
- 2 FADH2 (3ATP)
- 2GTP (2ATP)
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total ATP from aerobic respiration
32
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why do prokaryotes get more ATP than eukarotes
no membrane bound organelles to shuttle things around to
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what does glycolysis do?
convert glucose to two molecules of pyruvate
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what are the irreversible enzymes in glycolysis?
hexokinase, PFK, pyruvate kinase
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what does the citric acid cycle do? what are the irreversible enzymes
- use acetyl coA to produce electron carriers for ETC
- Citrate synthase (CS), IDH (isocitrate dehydrogenase), alpha-ketoglutarate dehdrogenase)
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where does glyconeogenesis occur and what are its main enzymes
- liver and kidney
- pyruvate carboxylase (pyruvate to oxaloacetate)
- PEPCK (oxaloacetate to PEP)
- FBPase (fructose 1,6-bisP to fructose 6P)
- glucose-6-phosphatase (g6p to glucose)
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human plasma osmolarity
300 mOsm/L
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what is the purpose of filtration in kidney?
- regulation of plasma osmolarity, pH and blood volume
- ensures the RBC and protein doesn't leave
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what consists of extracellular fluid
- plasma, capillary membrane (things can move back and forth) and interstitial fluid
- albumin is high in plasma
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what ions are high in intracellular fluid
K+ and phosphate
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ions high in extracellular fluid
Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, HCO3-
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difference between active primary and secondary transport
- primary uses ATP
- secondary uses energy stored in ion concentration
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how does the osmolarity of plasma, interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid compare
- they are all equal
- water can get through any membrane
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secretion
add things into tube (urea, K+, NH3, H+)
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reabsorption
go back into our body, out of tube to maintain osmolarity and homeostasis
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what pushes the filtration in kidney?
- blood pressure-hydrostatic pressure of glomerular (high)
- hydrostatic pressure of Bowman's space is small (counter to Pressure of glomerular)
-
descending limb of loop of Henle
- closer to medulla (concentration increases)
- water flow out
-
ascending limb of loop of Henle
ions flow out of tube b/c of lower osmolarity in body
-
antiduretic hormone and aldosterone
- prevents dilute urine
- acts on salts, pump salt
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vasa recta
- reabsorb water when descending limb lets out water
- reabsorb salt that flows out from the tube
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purpose of loop of henle
to concentrate urine
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