sounds

individuals in the stadium do not move when they do the wave

wave particles oscillate parallel to the direction of propagation

the number of wavelengths passing a fixed point per second

frequency x (wavelength)

• means that crest coincide with the troughs of the other
• phase difference is one half of a wave (wavelength/2)
• 180 degrees

• when natural frequency of is within the frequency of human ear
• when objects vibrate at multiple frequencies unrelated (noise)

when applied force is equal to natural frequency, reach max amplitude, wen objects cannot withstand the large amplitude of oscillation it will break

f'=f (V+/- Vd)/ (V+/- Vs)

• average rate of energy transfer per area across a surface that is perpendicular to the wave
• P/A
• intensity is proportional to the square of the amplitude
• A=4pi (r^2)

• when sound travels at or above the speed of sound, allowing wave fronts to build upon one another at the front of the object
• once object moves aster than speed of sound, some effects are mitigated by the wave fronts trailing behind

Bf (sound level in decibels)=Bi+10log (If/Ii)

does not affect frequency, only the amplitude and intensity

• fixed at both ends
• length of string corresponds to 1/2 the wavelength
• f=nv/2L
• wavelength=2L/n

• instruments open at both ends (flute)
• closed at one end are called closed pipes (clarinet and brass instruments)

• frequency (nv/4L)
• wavelength=4L/n

difference between absolute pressure and atmospheric pressure

pressure at surface+ pressure exerted by fluid (pgz)

• P+1/2pv^2=constant
• venturi effect (reduction in pressure when traveling through a constricted tube, b/c increase in v)

• flow rate is directly proportional to pressure difference and radius ^4
• indirectly proportional to viscosity and length

• critical speed=N (constant) x viscosity / (density x diameter of tube)
• flow speed immediately at the wall is zero and increase uniformly throughout the layer

A1v1=A2v2

density of substance/ density of water

their buoyant forces

its velocity decreases due to viscosity rather than decrease in PE

• F (buoy) - mg = ma
• p (fluid)Vg- pcork Vg=pcork Va

pressure exerted anywhere in an incompressible fluid is exerted equally everywhere

1000kg/cm^3

v=sq rt (2gh)

Q=Av

• in parallell
• total resistance of collection of parallel resistors is less than that of any of the individual resistances

increase in turbulence decrease in viscosity

• when fluid is incompressible
• Av=Av

overestimating the effect of the child's personality (the child is lying) and underestimating the situation (the bird flew away)

• tonic: adapts slowly to a stimulus and continues to produce action potentials over the duration of the stimulus (pain receptors)
• phasic: adapt quickly to a stimulus (intense and stops) like mechanoreceptors

transmembrane receptor responsible for excitation of neurons and biosignaling

ligand gated ion channels

• affective: emotional (dislike welfare recipient so she harbors anger against them)
• behavioral: not wanting them to live in the  neighborhood)
• cognitive: belief which include stereotypes (welfare recipients cannot make a living on their own)

cognitive bias in which people reject evidence that goes against their beliefs

• fluid intelligence peaks in early adulthood
• crystallized intelligence peaks in middle adulthood

• decreased uptake of glucose by muscle cells (conserve for brain when glucose is low as indicated by low insulin)
• increased conversion of glycogen to muscle glucose 
• increased utilization of fatty acid as fuel

increased appetite, increased plasma cortisol, not effective thermogenesis and resistance to insulin

osteoclasts break down bone

• during all phases
• it has one circular chromosome, doesn't undergo meiosis

• must live without oxygen to survive
• 2 ATP from fermentation

one celled stage (when it divides into two, both are indeterminate)

plasma, interstitial fluid, and transcellular fluid (between epithelial cells like cerebrospinal fluid)

increase in entropy as a result of decrease in solvation layer (solvation layer causes decrease in entropy)

polar proteins creates solvation layer less than that of non polar proteins (H bond with water is greater than H bond of water with any polar group and polar group H bond disrupts water H bonds)

formation of salvation layer, decrease in entropy

circulatory muscle layer that can constrict esophagus, longitudinal layer can shorten it

you have only the paternal or maternal form of chromosome after meiosis 1. with crossover, you may have two non-idential sister chromatids with both paternal and material DNA

since they are so close together, it is greater than 25% chance that they will be inherited together

from the ectoderm, forms melanocytes, schwann cells, and adrenal medulla, bone, cartilage, smooth muscle

same in type and quantity (haploid with 23 chromosomes)

• incomplete is pink
• codominance is white and red (blood types is another example)

• promotor gene: site of RNA pol binding
• regulator gene: repressor is transcribed
• operator gene: repressor binds

in the citric acid cycle

• produces NADPH, pentose sugars, ribose-5-phosphate (precursor to nucleotide synthesis)
• anabolic, uses sugar (6C) to generate R5P

anaphase

• glomerulus and bowman's capsule (cup like sac)
• glomerulus allows filtration like a semi-permeable membrane, allows in solutes, not proteins
• some molecules like salt can diffuse across the glomerulus

t-tubule depolarization, SR release of Ca2+, Ca2+ binds to troponin complex, then tropomyosin exposes the myosin binding sites for actin to bind

mesoderm

lining of digestive tract and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder

• binds receptor and causes a biological response
• antagonist inhibits the physiological reaction

increasing one substrate has no effect on the other

• 20-20,000 hz
• infrasonic <20Hz
• ultrasonic >20,000 Hz

• 400-700nm
• gamma, Xray, UV, visual, IR, microwave, radiowaves
• real men in violent underwear are extremely gorgeous

• not affect its frequency
• change in speed is compensated by change in wavelength
• as refractive index increase, speed of light decrease

• spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening
• slit narrowed, light spread out more

• bright central fringe is twice as wide as bright fringes on sides
• dark fringes given by a(width)sin(theta)=n(wavelength), n=number of fringe, theta is from central axis to fringe

young's experiment: light from two parallel slits can interfere with one another

dsin(theta)=(n+1/2)wavelength

may cause interference patterns b/c light waves reflecting off external surface of film interferes with light waves reflecting off internal surface of film

• multiple slits arranged in patterns
• super prism: separation of light of different wavelengths with high resolution
• large number of slits increase sharpness and intensity of light

interference in double

• electric fields of all waves are oriented in the same direction (therefore magnetic field vectors are also parallel)
• screen out all other vibrations except the ones in that plane

uniform amplitude but continuously changing direction: helical orientation of propagating wave

no, only the amount of light it lets through

• change in theta =wavelength/d
• smaller wavelength or greater diameter of hole, smaller diffraction

R-MgBr (nucleophile) attacks carbonyl to form alcohol (increase in C-C bond) via 6 carbon intermediate

tense up ciliary muscle, decrease focal length

it rises

weight of displaced fluid