optics

increases

at the focal point since (1/o=0)

on the retina

decreases

• farsightedness, occurs when lens is too weak (can't contract and focus image on retina) or when retina is too close to the lens
• cannot see nearby objects (corrective converging lens needed to increase in power)

power of the resulting lens from the combination of eye and lens

• assertion of a cause and effect relationship
• because the left lobe controls speech and understanding, left hand people who switch hands develop stutter

• what should be true
• people should not be unjustly discriminated because it violates their human rights

• something you take for basis of knowledge
• we know he was at the scene of the crime, because his fingerprints were there

when lone pair electrons on amino terminus attack the carbonyl carbon of incoming amino acid

• stereoisomers, optically active, all amino acids have except glycine
• all living cells use L-amino acids
• enantiomers so all properties are the same except optical activity

• net positive charge experienced by valence electrons
• Zeff =Z-S 
• Z is the atomic number
• S is the number of shielding electrons
• large Zeff, high electronegativity
• electrons in s orbital feel a greater effective nuclear charge than electrons in p orbital

• energy to remove an electron
• easier in oxygen because of paired electron in p orbital, which creates electron electron repulsion, weakens the bond

C triple bonded to N

aromatic ring

alkyl, aryl MgBr (good nucleophile) which attacks carbonyl groups of ketones or aldehydes and forms C-C groups

light converges at too short of a distance, causing things far away to converge in front of retina

• it relaxes
• the focal length of cornea (first converging lens) is constant, the second crystalline lens is controlled by relaxing and tensing of ciliary muscle. two lens acts as one

• is spherical, causes decrease in focal length
• when relaxed, increase in focal length. cannot relax sufficiently in people with myopia

• with a diverging lens (concave), the light is diverged before it reaches cornea where it can be converged on the retina
• convex lens (converging) used to fix hyperopia

• reduced, b/c retina is small
• object is at greater than focal length (less would be not real image)
• object
• inverted (all real image formed by converging lens is inverted)

differ in their conformation at the anomeric carbon (difference between alpha and beta group)

aldehyde with one OH group, one OR, one R and one H

2OR, 2 R

anomers differ at one chiral carbon, enantiomers differ at all chiral carbons

5 C and 1 O (forms 6 membered ring)

• 5 membered ring with 4C and 1O
• glucose can take either furanose or pyranose form

• covalent bonds between two thiol (R-SH) groups
• disulfide occur between two cysteine amino acids which forms cystine

carboxylic acid with halide instead of OH

acid with oxygen

ester

glycosidic bonds covalent

simplest form of carbohydrate (one glucose molecule)

14 protons=number of protons and neutrons, since it is C then it has 6 protons, 8 neutrons

means that mixture contains mostly products, reaction occurs spontaneously

-3

-1

from heart to all other parts of the body (carries oxygenated blood)

when the molecule can hydrogen bond internally b/c of proximity of functional groups, decrease in melting point and decrease in solubility (cannot form H bond with water as effectively)

• transforms primary alkyl halides to primary amines
• requires base, OH- attacks H on imide, followed by nucleophilic attack on halide, complete with hydrolysis

form amino acids from aldehyde or ketone via nitrile, need KCN, NH4Cl, and H

• at the equivalence point where moles of acid added is equal to moles of base
• indicator changes color when pH =pKa

hydrogen, since passage states that stomach acid denatures it

• chain terminators 
• doesn't have OH at 3', has H

low reactivity and planar geometry b/c of resonance,

involved in bacterial wall biosynthesis, cross links peptide side chains

• break down ethanol, product of fermentation in yeast
• during a dive, reduced metabolism, reduced access to oxygen convert to anaerobic metabolism

measuring electrical potential difference btw two points (as in between 2 resistors)

• weight of the displaced fluid
• (p fluid)(Vobj sub) g
• denser object sinks until Fg=Fb

• mass displaced is constant
• volume submerged changes depending on the density of the fluid

• gets higher, because density of fluid increases due to increase in pressure pgz
• you can decrease air you carry to decrease buoyant force

• 0-2 sensorimotor: perceive the world using senses (object permanence, things continue to exist even when it is not seen)
• 2-7 preoperational: egocentric, objects can be shown with symbols, learn to speak
• 7-11 concrete operational: things in different shapes are the same (conservation)
• 12 formal operational: learn to reason based on morals, abstract ideas

learn to understand concepts and to think for oneself

need the physical arousal in addition to cognitive recognition of that arousal to cause emotion

• emotions result from stimulation of dorsal thalamus
• physiological stimulus is separate and independent; arousal does not have to occur before an emotion

• disorder caused by interactions between thoughts and behaviors and will try to correct the patient's pattern of thoughts
• by taking her to the mall and challenging her her belief that she will not be able to escape

• shaping: increasingly more specific behaviors
• extinction: when previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced

individual in group works less than when working alone

• tendency of the group as a whole to make more extreme decisions
• risky shift: if initial position is aggressive, the final position is more aggressive
• cautious shift: if the initial position is conservative, more conservative

• based on people changing based on observation
• lower weight =more success, so the person trying to lose weight want to appear more successful

individuals select themselves into groups

positive attributes to themselves, neg to the environment

high, high

• refers to large marginalized group or objection to a dominant cultural norm
• one religion into education, alienating 25% of people of other religions

alarm goes off, and because we're so used to it, we no longer respond to it

comparison/differentiating between two quantities

• sleep
• mood
• appetite

behavior is based upon reinforcement and punishment

unconscious desires of the thrill seeker

need to have a question that can be compared among the different groups

those afflicted moves to a state where they remove themselves from the painful memories